Fig. 5.

Expression of capsaicin receptor TRPV1 increased after treatment in small intestine, possible redistribution of immune cells in small intestine. a Immunohistological staining of TRPV1 and CD68 in small intestine revealed an expression of capsaicin receptor TRPV1 on CD68⁺ macrophages indicated by white arrows. b Immunohistological staining of TRPV1 and CD3 in the small intestine revealed also an expression of capsaicin receptor TRPV1 on CD3⁺ T-cells however in with lower co-expression (white arrows). c Rats were fed daily with capsaicin or rapeseed oil from day − 10 p.i. to day 16 p.i. (at expected disease maximum), the small intestine was isolated, and RT-PCR was performed for capsaicin receptor TRPV1. TRPV1 increased after treatment in RT-PCR. Mean values and SD were depicted (*p < 0.05, n = 15, n = 5/group). d FACS analyses showed a decrease of CD11b⁺ cell population in Peyer’s paches (*p < 0.05, n = 45, n = 15/group, pooled data from three independent experiments). e Expression of macrophage marker F4/80 showed an increase in lamina propria in RT-PCR (**p < 0.001, n = 15, n = 5/group)