Table 2.
Summary of sialylation changes of serum specific glycoproteins in specific cancer. The columns include (1) cancer types, (2) cohort size, (3) methods used for the detection of sialylation changes, (4) major findings for each study, (5) the trend of the sialylation changes and (6) the references for each study; ELISA = enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; PSA = prostate specific antigen
| Malignancy | Cohort Size | Methods | Major findings | Effect in the cancer | Ref No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prostate cancer | 2 cancer patients | Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) | Levels of α2–3-linked sialic acids on PSA showed great potential in discriminating malignant from benign conditions and improving prostate cancer diagnosis | \ | 88 |
| Prostate cancer | \ | PSA sialic acid: electrochemical label-free method | Combined analysis of serum PSA levels and glycoprofiling of PSA could improve the detection of cancer | α2–3-terminal sialic acid of PSA was significantly higher in prostate cancer | 89 |
| Prostate cancer | Cancer (n = 44); Benign prostatic hyperplasia (n = 29) | PSA sialic acid: lectin immunoaffinity column | α2–3-sialic acid showed great potential in discriminating between high-risk prostate cancer patients and the benign prostate hyperplasia individuals | α2–3-terminal sialic acid of PSA was higher in prostate cancer than benign disease | 90 |
| Prostate cancer | Training set: Cancer (n = 50); Non-cancer controls (n = 50) Validation set: Cancer (n = 138); Non-cancer controls (n = 176) | PSA sialic acid: magnetic microbead-based immunoassay | Usefulness of α2–3-sialylated PSA in the accuracy improvements of prostate cancer early detection | α2–3-terminal sialic acid of PSA was higher in prostate cancer than non-cancer | 91 |
| Ovarian cancer | Discovery set: Cancer (n = 22); Benign tumor (n = 12); Confirmation 1: Cancer (n = 50); Benign disease (n = 18); Healthy controls (n = 15); Confirmation 2: Cancer (n = 43); Benign disease (n = 30); Healthy controls (n = 15) | lectin-based ELISA assay and quantitative glycoproteomics analysis | Serum sialoprotein and sialylation changes of proteins have potential utility for diagnosis of ovarian cancer with high accuracy | Higher levels of sialoprotein and sialylation of proteins in cancer | 94 |
| Pancreatic cancer | Cancer (n = 10); Acute pancreatitis (N = 5); Healthy controls (n = 16) | Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-mass spectrometry (MS) | Altered sialylated glycoproteins have great potential as novel biomarker for pancreatic cancer detection | Higher levels of sialoprotein in cancer and benign than controls | 95 |
| Pancreatic cancer | Cancer (n = 3); Healthy controls (n = 3) | Lectin assays combining with mass spectrometric analysis | Sialoprotein and sialylation changes of the protein have usefulness as glycan related cancer biomarker | Sialylated plasma protease C1 inhibitor decreased in cancer | 96 |
| Lung cancer | Cancer (n = 46); Healthy controls (n = 20) | ELISA tests | Usefulness of glycosylation profiles including α2–3-sialylation and sialyl Lewis X on alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin as cancer biomarker | α2–3 sialylation and sialyl Lewis X were elevated in total serum of cancer | 97 |
| Gastric cancer | Cancer (n = 80); Healthy controls (n = 51) | Liquid chromatography-electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) | IgG glycosylation is related to cancer pathogenesis, progression and prognosis | IgG sialylation decreased in cancer | 99 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 129) | Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) | IgG glycosylation is related cancer prognosis | IgG sialylation decreased in cancer | 101 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 760); Healthy controls (n = 538) | Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) | IgG glycosylation is related cancer prognosis | IgG sialylation decreased in cancer | 102 |
| Gastric cancer | Cancer (n = 403); benign disease (n = 443) | Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTICR MS) | IgG Fc glycoforms could reflect difference of pathophysiological states between gastric cancer and benign disease and also showed diagnostic capability | IgG sialylation decreased in cancer | 103 |
| Multiple myeloma | Monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (n = 14); Multiple myeloma (n = 41); Solitary plasmacytoma (n = 5) | High pressure anion exchange chromatography with pulsed electrochemical detection | The ratio of neutral to sialylated glycans showed potential as a new marker for multiple myeloma | IgG sialylation increased in malignancy | 105 |