Table 3.
Summary of serum SLX, CA19–9 and STN changes as markers in cancers. The columns include (1) cancer types, (2) cohort size, (3) methods used for the detection of sialylation changes, (4) major findings for each study, (5) the trend of the sialylation changes and (6) the references for each study; CA19–9 = sialyl Lewis A; HPLC = high performance liquid chromatography; LC-ESI-QTOF MS = liquid chromatography-electron spray ionization- quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; MALDI-TOF-MS = matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry; SLX = sialyl Lewis X; STN = sialyl Tn
| Malignancy | Cohort Size | Methods | Major findings | Effect in the cancer | Ref No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ovarian cancer | Initial pilot study: Cancer (n = 3); Healthy control (n = 5); Main part of the study: Cancer (n = 56); Benign disease (n = 27); Healthy control (n = 7) | HPLC, MALDI-TOF-MS and ESI-MS | SLX combined with fucosylated diantennary glycoforms can improve the discrimination of benign disease from ovarian cancer; Potential utility as complementary markers for CA125 in ovarian cancer diagnosis | Serum SLX increased in cancer | 20 |
| Pancreatic cancer | Cancer (n = 20); Chronic pancreatitis (n = 14); Healthy controls (n = 13) | Immunodetection and LC-ESI-QTOF MS analysis | The ratio of SLX/ceruloplasmin may serve as useful biomarker for pancreatic cancer | Ceruloplasmin(synthetized in liver) expressed increased SLX in the serum of cancer | 23 |
| Pancreatic cancer | 48 plasma samples and a blinded set of 200 samples | Motif profiling | Plasma SLX combined with CA19–9 has potential use in the clinical diagnosis of pancreatic cancer | Plasma SLX was elevated in pancreatic cancers | 129 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 300) | Electrochemiluminescent assay | Usefulness of serum CA19–9 in colorectal cancer diagnosis, staging and suggesting metastasis | Serum CA19–9 increased with stages of cancer | 116 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 293) | Immunoradiometric method | Serum CA19–9 sensitivity related to cancer stage and showed great values in colorectal cancer prognosis | Serum CA19–9 increased with stages of cancer | 117 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 121; advanced stage) | Commercially available assay kit | Serum and tissue CA19–9 detection are useful in the assessment of high risk of cancer recurrence and death (prognosis values) | Positive (higher than cut-off) preoperative and postoperative serum CA19–9 were predictive of increased cancer mortality | 118 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 85; advanced stage) | Assay kit | Serum CA19–9 have great values as colorectal cancer prognostic indicator | Serum CA19–9 negatively correlated with survival | 119 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 206) | Commercially available radioimmunoassay kit | Serum CA19–9 is useful as preoperative indicator of metastasis and prognosis | Higher serum CA19–9 associated with metastasis and poorer prognosis | 120 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 78; advanced stage) | Assay kit | STN expression are important prognostic factors in patients with advanced colorectal cancer | STN in serum had the strong association with survival | 121 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 117) | Radioimmunoassay | Combined assay of serum carcinoembryonic antigen, CA19–9, STN and SLX improved colorectal cancer diagnosis and follow-up | Increased marker values correlated to poorer prognosis | 122 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 284) | Assay kit | Serum initial CA19–9 could be independent prognostic biomarkers in metastatic colorectal cancer | Elevated serum CA19–9 was unfavorable prognostic factors. | 123 |
| Colorectal cancer | Cancer (n = 308) | Commercially available radioimmunoassay kit | High serum CA19–9, SLX, and STN were strongly associated with distant metastasis and also showed prognosis values | High serum levels related to distant metastasis | 125 |
| Gastric cancer | Cancer (n = 180) | Assay kit | High serum CA19–9, SLX and STN were associated with liver metastasis; High serum SLX and STN were related to peritoneal dissemination; High serum CA19–9 has potential as an independent predictor for lymph node metastasis | Serum levels of these markers increased in metastasis | 124 |