Table 1.
General characteristics of the RODAM study participants (n = 4213)
| All (n = 4213) | Men (n = 1572) | Women (n = 2641) | Rural Ghana (n = 942) | Urban Ghana (n = 1420) | Europe (n = 1851) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (% male) | 38.0 | — | — | 38.7 | 28.8 | 43.3 |
| Age (years) | 46.2 ± 11.0 | 47.0 ± 11.3 | 45.8 ± 10.8 | 46.8 ± 12.7 | 45.3 ± 11.4 | 46.7 ± 9.6 |
| Education (%) | ||||||
| Never or elementary | 37.4 | 22.1 | 46.4 | 56.9 | 43.6 | 22.7 |
| Low | 37.5 | 41.4 | 35.1 | 31.9 | 39.0 | 39.1 |
| Intermediate | 16.5 | 22.5 | 12.9 | 7.6 | 12.7 | 23.9 |
| Higher vocational | 8.7 | 14.0 | 5.6 | 3.6 | 4.8 | 14.3 |
| Smoking (% current or former) | 9.4 | 19.7 | 3.2 | 7.9 | 6.9 | 12.0 |
| Total energy intake (kcal per day) | 2532 ± 838 | 2626 ± 862 | 2476 ± 818 | 2620 ± 842 | 2313 ± 668 | 2654 ± 916 |
| Physical activity (METs-h per week)* | 72 (14, 170) | 96 (28, 198) | 60 (10, 156) | 90 (36, 168) | 60 (6, 156) | 64 (14,188) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 5.5 | 24.9 ± 4.4 | 27.9 ± 5.7 | 22.6 ± 4.3 | 26.9 ± 5.3 | 28.8 ± 4.9 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.7 ± 12.6 | 87.0 ± 12.2 | 91.3 ± 12.6 | 81.2 ± 10.8 | 89.3 ± 11.8 | 94.4 ± 11.6 |
| T2D‡ (%) | 9.4 | 11.1 | 8.4 | 4.9 | 9.5 | 11.7 |
Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise stated
* Data are shown as median (percentile 25, percentile 75). ‡ T2D was defined according to the WHO diagnostic criteria (fasting plasma glucose ≥7.0 mmol/L, or current use of medication prescribed to treat diabetes, or self-reported diabetes). In this sub-sample of the RODAM study, 397 participants were diabetic. From them 338 participants presented fasting blood glucose values ≥7 mmol/L, 201 reported the use of tablets for diabetes and 259 self-reported to be diabetic
BMI body mass index, T2D type 2 diabetes, MET Metabolic Equivalent of Task, RODAM Research on Obesity and Diabetes among African Migrants, WHO World Health Organization