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. 2018 Apr 11;20(4):e131. doi: 10.2196/jmir.9085

Table 2.

Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT) scores summary. Italics indicate studies that scored less than the average score of 68%. N/A: not applicable.

Authors CCAT category Raw score
n (%)
Preliminaries Introduction Design Sampling Data
collection
Ethical
matters
Results Discussion
Akroyd et al [14] 2 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0
Lotrecchiano et al [18] 1 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0
Westbrook [37] 2 4 1 1 3 0 1 3 15 (37.5)
Konstantinidis et al [31] 4 3 1 2 1 0 1 4 16 (40)
Walsh et al [35] 4 3 2 2 2 0 2 4 19 (47.5)
Heartfield et al [29] 2 4 2 2 2 1 3 4 20 (50)
Chuo et al [24] 3 4 3 3 4 0 2 3 21 (52.5)
Wang [36] 2 2 3 2 2 5 4 2 22 (55)
Gill [27] 3 4 4 2 3 2 3 4 23 (57.5)
Ingelbeen et al [30] 4 5 3 4 1 2 2 4 25 (62.5)
Safwat and Pourabdollah [33] 3 4 3 4 4 0 4 4 26 (65)
Goldberg Goetz et al [28] 5 5 3 5 4 0 3 5 30 (75)
Byrne et al [22] 3 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 32 (80)
Bekkers et al [21] 5 5 4 5 2 3 4 4 32 (80)
Popescu et al [32] 5 5 4 4 4 2 4 4 32 (80)
Sranacharoenpong et al [34] 5 5 4 5 5 1 4 3 32 (80)
Chang et al [23] 4 5 3 4 4 4 5 4 33 (82.5)
Moreira et al [19] 5 5 4 5 5 0 5 5 34 (85)
Fontaine et al [26] 5 5 3 5 5 2 5 5 35 (87.5)
Schneiderman et al [20] 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 35 (87.5)
Cortese-Peske [25] 5 5 4 5 4 5 5 5 38 (95)