Table 1.
Demographic, questionnaire and baseline cognitive measures
| Measure | Healthy elderly controls | Parkinson’s disease | Control versus Parkinson’s disease P-value | Parkinson’s disease, no apathy (LARS ≤−22) | Parkinson’s disease, apathy (LARS >−22) | No apathy versus apathy P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 32 | 39 | n/a | 18 | 21 | n/a |
| Age | 68.9 (±6.9) | 67.8 (±7.6) | 0.55 | 68.2 (±6.5) | 67.5 (±8.5) | 0.78 |
| Gender (F/M) | 13/19 | 12/27 | 0.39a | 8/10 | 4/17 | 0.16a |
| Apathy (LARS) | −28.3 (±3.1) | −20.9 (±6.8) | <0.0001 | −27 (±3.8) | −15.7 (±3.8) | <0.0001 |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | n/a | 2.2 (±0.51) | n/a | 2.1 (±0.6) | 2.2 (±0.4) | 0.44 |
| UPDRS total | n/a | 82.3 (26.6) | n/a | 73.8 (±25.7) | 89.9 (±25.7) | 0.08 |
| UPDRS motor score ON | n/a | 28.4 (±11.4) | n/a | 27.1 (±13.2) | 29.5 (±9.9) | 0.5 |
| UPDRS motor score OFF | n/a | 35.9 (±10.8) | n/a | 32.7 (±11.0) | 38.7 (±10.2) | 0.09 |
| Change in motor score | n/a | 7.5 (±8.3) | n/a | 5.7 (±8.3) | 9.1 (±8.1) | 0.2 |
| Levodopa equivalent dose (mg/24 h) | n/a | 633 (±356) | n/a | 565 (±353) | 691 (±357) | 0.27 |
| Hours since last dose, OFF | n/a | 18 (±3) | n/a | 19 (±3) | 17 (±3) | 0.04 |
| Hours since last dose, ON | n/a | 2.3 (±1.5) | n/a | 2.7 (±1.6) | 2 (±1.4) | 0.19 |
| Depression (BDI-II) | 3.8 (±3.7) | 14.3 (±7.7) | <0.0001 | 11 (±7.0) | 17.1 (±7.4) | 0.01 |
| Dysphoria subscale | 1.1 (±1.5) | 4.9 (±4.0) | <0.0001 | 4.4 (±4.2) | 5.3 (±3.8) | 0.53 |
| Global Cognition (ACE) | 95.6 (±3.8) | 91.1 (±7.9) | 0.005 | 93.5 (±5.0) | 89.4 (±9.4) | 0.08 |
| Quality of life | 8.0 (±1.2) | 6.7 (±1.8) | 0.001 | 7.6 (±1.5) | 6.0 (±1.8) | 0.01 |
| Digit span | 20.6 (±4.4) | 17.4 (±3.6) | 0.002 | 16.7 (±3.1) | 17.9 (±3.9) | 0.35 |
ACE = Addenbrooke’s cognitive examination III; BDI-II = Beck’s depression inventory II; n/a = not applicable; Quality of life = Cantril ladder (range 0–10).
aChi-squared test; all values are mean (± standard deviation). Statistically significant comparisons are shown in bold.