BTC means the "before treatment control" value of all cows in frame for vaccination. The lactation stages are defined as “early” for ≤ 100 DiL, “mid” for 101–200 DiL and “late” for ≥ 201 DiL. On the ordinate, C. diff. specific milk IgA concentrations are depicted as LSM ± SD and presented comparatively for the BTC (n = 9, black bar), low responder (LR, n = 4, cross-striped bars) and high responder (HR, n = 5, dotted bars) groups. Substantial or highly significant differences versus BTC and between LR and HR in the same lactation stage are marked by brackets with one (P < 0.05) or two asterisks (P < 0.01). Significant differences within the same group related to the early lactation stage are shown in lower case letters (a, b) for P < 0.05.