Table 1.

Summary of risk factors reported in the systematic review and meta-analysis by Caye and colleagues [48••]

Factors meta-analyzed and significantly associated with persistence
Predictor	Odds ratio	95 % Confidence interval	P value
Severe ADHD	2.33	1.6–3.39	<0.001
Treatment for ADHD	2.09	1.04–4.18	0.037
Comorbid major depressive disorder	1.80	1.1–2.95	0.019
Comorbid Conduct Disorder	1.85	1.06–3.24	0.03
Factors meta-analyzed nonsignificantly associated with persistencea
Predictor	Odds ratio	95 % Confidence interval	P value
Female gender	1.23	0.84–1.81	0.295
Comorbid ODD	1.65	0.75–3.65	0.213
Factors meta-analyzed and consistently not associated with persistence
Predictor	Odds ratio	95 % Confidence interval	P value
Single parent family	1.08	0.25–1.29	0.179
Predictor	SMD	95 % Confidence interval	P value
Intelligence quotient	0.03	−0.18–−0.23	0.8
Factors not meta-analyzed but associated with persistence in individual studies
Combined ADHD subtype • comorbid bipolar disorder • parental ASPD

SMD standardized mean difference, ASPD antisocial personality disorder

^aAuthors note that sensitive analysis or the adoption of less conservative meta-analysis techniques (fixed-effects models) would result in a positive and significant association for comorbid ODD and female gender, whereas single parent family and intelligence quotient have consistent small and not significant effects on persistence across included studies