Fig 1. Visualization of modelling framework.
Second-order dynamic system composed of a Hill-type muscle model in series with a damped harmonic oscillator (A). The force of the muscle is given by the sum of the active force due to the contractile element (CE) as a function of its length (B) and velocity (C), and the passive force due to the parallel elastic element (PEE) as a function of its length (B).