Table 1. Preoperative baseline characteristics in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery.
| Overall population (n = 262) | non-MACE (n = 197) | MACE (n = 65) | P-value |
| Age at surgery, yrs | 78.0 (70.0–83.0) | 83.0 (79.0–88.0) | < 0.01 |
| Age > 80 yrs old | 84 (42.6%) | 46 (70.8%) | < 0.01 |
| Male | 70 (35.5%) | 22 (33.8%) | 0.81 |
| Medical History | |||
| Hypertension | 131 (66.5%) | 48 (73.8%) | 0.27 |
| Diabetes | 58 (29.4%) | 21 (32.3%) | 0.66 |
| Renal insufficiency | 21 (10.7%) | 18 (27.7%) | < 0.01 |
| Dyslipidemia | 47 (23.9%) | 19 (29.2%) | 0.39 |
| Coronary artery disease | 12 (6.1%) | 7 (10.8%) | 0.21 |
| Prior heart failure | 6 (3.0%) | 12 (18.5%) | < 0.01 |
| Prior stroke | 20 (10.2%) | 9 (13.8%) | 0.41 |
| Echocardiographic parameter before surgery | |||
| LVEF, % | 58.1 (55.6–64.0) | 58.0 (52.0–62.0) | 0.04 |
| LVEF < 50% | 14 (7.1%) | 14 (21.5%) | < 0.01 |
| E/e' | 11.1 (9.2–11.8) | 11.1 (9.7–13.1) | 0.13 |
| Laboratory parameter before surgery | |||
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.9 ± 1.9 | 11.1 ± 2.2 | < 0.01 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.79 (0.65–0.96) | 1.02 (0.77–1.26) | < 0.01 |
| hs-TnI, ng/L | 4.00 (2.60–8.40) | 12.20 (6.40–38.20) | < 0.01 |
| hs-TnI ≥ 6.5 ng/L | 59 (29.9%) | 48 (73.8%) | < 0.01 |
| CK-MB, ng/mL | 1.70 (1.00–2.70) | 2.40 (1.30–4.50) | 0.02 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/dL | 187.30 (82.20–345.80) | 525.00 (184.50–1338.00) | < 0.01 |
| NT-proBNP ≥ 135 pg/dL | 120 (60.9%) | 54 (83.1%) | < 0.01 |
| Medication before surgery | |||
| Beta-blocker | 24 (12.2%) | 16 (24.6%) | 0.01 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 83 (42.1%) | 27 (41.5%) | 0.93 |
| ACE-I/ARB | 62 (31.5%) | 28 (43.1%) | 0.09 |
| Diuretics | 37 (18.8%) | 19 (29.2%) | 0.08 |
| Anti-platelet agent | 54 (27.4%) | 16 (24.6%) | 0.66 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agent | 44 (22.3%) | 16 (24.6%) | 0.70 |
| Insulin | 11 (5.6%) | 4 (6.2%) | 0.86 |
| Revised Cardiac Risk Index | |||
| Score = 0 | 159 (80.7%) | 36 (55.4%) | < 0.01 |
| Score = 1 or more | 38 (19.3%) | 29 (44.6%) | < 0.01 |
Data were presented as n (%), mean ± SD and median (interquartile range). ACE-I/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; CK-MB: creatine kinase MB isoform; hs-TnI: high sensitive troponin I; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular event; NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide.