Table 1.

Effect of anti-MetS treatment on cognitive processes, and brain circulation and metabolism in clinical trials.

Symptoms	Drug	n	Sample Characteristics	Study Time	Results	References
HYPERTENSION	ACE inhibitor	616	Mild/Moderate AD	4-year prospective	Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) decline between control and placebo	Soto et al., 2013
	CCB	18,423	Elderly hypertensive patients older than 60 years	12-year prospective	CCB use significantly reduced the risk of total dementia, Alzheimer's dementia, and vascular dementia	Hwang et al., 2016
	Thiazide Diuretics	3,417	Elderly hypertensive population with AD	7-year prospective	Use of any anti-hypertensive medication was associated with lower incidence of AD. Thiazides were associated with the greatest reduction of AD risk	Chuang et al., 2014
HYPERGLYCEMIA	Metformin (Biguanides)	20	Mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia due to AD	16-week prospective	Metformin was associated with improved executive functioning, and trends suggested improvement in learning/memory and attention	Koenig et al., 2017
	Pioglitazone (TZD)	42	Mild AD with type II Diabetes Mellitus	6-month prospective	The pioglitazone group improved cognition and regional cerebral blood flow in the parietal lobe	Sato et al., 2011
	Rosiglitazone (TZD)	30	Mild AD or amnestic mild cognitive impairment	6-month prospective	Relative to the placebo, better delayed recall, and selective attention	Watson et al., 2005
	GLP-1 agonists	9	Healthy, Caucasian males with a mean age of 22 years old	4-week prospective	Ensures less fluctuation of brain glucose levels	Gejl et al., 2012
DYSLIPIDEMIA	Simvastatin	46	45–64 year old participants with normal cognition, grouped by high or normal cholesterol	12-month prospective	Reduction of p-tau in CSF seen in patients who had high initial baseline LDL cholesterol	Li et al., 2017

ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; CCB, calcium channel blockers; TZD, thiazolidinedione; CSF, cerebral-spinal fluid; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.