Fig. 8. A model showing the key steps of UV-induced apoptosis and ApoNETosis.

Low-dose UV irradiation induces small amounts of mitochondrial ROS, and subsequent caspase cascade activation and classical intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. By contrast, increasing doses of UV irradiation lead to increased production of mitochondrial ROS, caspase cascade activation, p38 activation, transcriptional firing and NETosis. Under ApoNETosis conditions, although both apoptosis and NOX-independent NETosis occur simultaneously, NETotic events predominate apoptotic events. cCasp-3, cleaved caspase 3. Thickness of the upwards arrow indicates the amounts of ROS