Fig. 4.

Brain regions correlating with absolute PE magnitude (salience). a Large clusters in IFG (extending to anterior insula) and DMPFC bilaterally, as well as DLPFC (on the right) were observed to positively correlate with unsigned PE magnitude. A number of activations (in blue) in the MTL, mainly in the parahippocampal gyri (PHC), inversely correlated with unsigned PE magnitude (Supplementary Table 2). b Activity in these regions parametrically varied with PE magnitude on each trial, such that the greatest responses were elicited by large PE events of both positive and negative valence (feedback to correct answers stated with low confidence, and incorrect answers with high confidence), and the  smallest responses by low PE feedback events (following high confidence correct, and low confidence incorrect answers). The reverse relationship was observed in the blue activation clusters. Plots depict average single-trial beta estimates for each PE value in selected ROIs