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. 2018 Apr 26;8:6606. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25093-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-frequency analysis of alpha-band power during the cue-target interval (Experiment 4). (A) To identify time-frequency-electrode regions of interest while avoiding circular inference, we averaged time-frequency power across all electrodes and conditions. This revealed a prominent increase (~ 65% from baseline) in pre-target (−500 to 0 ms) power in the alpha range (8–14 Hz) that had a posterior topography (right panel; left and right electrode clusters of interest denoted with white dots) associated with simply performing the task. We then focused on how meaning training impacted this signal in subsequent analyses. (B) Time-frequency power plots showing the difference (meaning-trained – meaning-untrained) for left (left panel) and right (right panel) electrodes of interest (derived from panel A) reveal greater alpha power just prior to target onset on meaning-trained trials. The lower panels depict the time-course of the pre-target alpha signal for meaning-trained and untrained trials, revealing a significant temporal cluster of increased alpha power approximately 480 to 250 ms prior to target onset over left, but not right electrode clusters. Shaded regions represent ±1 within-subjects SEM⁸⁴.