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Conceptual model of the role of ADO production, metabolism and receptor ligation in the cytotoxic activity of CIK cells. CIK cells prevent the induction of an autocrine immunosuppression by abrogating A2AR-mediated signaling (by A1R activation) and deamination of ADO catalyzed by the CD26/ADA complex. In turn, ADO produced by CIK cells can reduce pro-cancer immune responses through paracrine cell inhibition (e.g., Treg, MDSC functions).
