Table 2. Biomarkers in order to demonstrate biologic function of cervical disease.
| Methods | Authors | Number | Markers | Diagnosis | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immunocytochemistry | Lee et al. [8] | 475 | HPV L1 | ASCUS, LSIL, HSIL, cancer | HPV L1 negativity is detected more frequently in HSIL and cancer than ASCUS and LSIL. |
| Melsheimer et al. [10] | 74 | HPV L1 | LSIL, HSIL | HPV L1 negativity is observed more frequently in HSIL than LSIL. | |
| Immunohistochemistry | Waxman et al. [16] | N/A | p16 | CIN1–3 | P16 is useful to discriminate HSILs from benign lesions. |
| Cao et al. [17] | 72 | HPV L1, CK7 | CIN 1 | HPV L1 negativity and CK7 positivity show higher progression rate to CIN2. | |
| Chen et al. [18] | 75 | HPV L1, p16, Ki-67 | CIN 1–3 | HPV L1 negativity was related with high-grade CIN. | |
| Negri et al. [19] | 66 | HPV L1, p16 | CIN1, CIN3 | HPV L1 negativity and p16 positivity shows poor prognosis | |
| Yemelyanova et al. [20] | 212 | HPV L1, L2 | CIN1–3 | HPV L1 and L2 negativity are found more frequently in high grade CIN. | |
| HPV genome PCR | Cricca et al. [6] | 166 | HPV E2/E6 ratio | CIN1–3, Cancer | No full integration status is found in CIN1 and no episomal status is found in cancer. |
| Peitsaro et al. [21] | 31 | HPV E2/E6 ratio | Normal, CIN1–3 | HPV integration status shows progression to high-grade CIN. | |
| Cheung et al. [22] | 78 | HPV E2/E7 ratio | Normal, CIN1–3, Cancer | HPV integration is frequently detected in normal cervix and CIN1. |
ASCUS, atypical cells of undetermined significance; CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; HSIL, high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; HPV, human papillomavirus; LSIL, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion; N/A, Not applicable; PCR, polymerase chain reaction.