. 2018 Apr 26;4(2):dvy002. doi: 10.1093/eep/dvy002

Table 2:

skeletal consequences following early life exposure to exogenous estrogen or estrogenic EDCs

Estrogen or EDC	Rodent strain	Dose(s); route of administration	Exposure window	Age of assessment	Bone	Sex	Bone mass	Bone strength	Ref
BPA	C57BL/6J	10 μg/kg/d; osmotic pump	E11–PND12	13–23 wks	Femur	M	↔	↔	[6]
BPA	C57BL/6J	10 μg/kg/d; osmotic pump	E11–PND12	13–23 wks	Femur	F	↔	↔	[6]
BPA	Fischer 344	0.5 or 50 μg/kg bw/d; drinking water	E3.5–PND22	5 wks	Femur	M^a	↓	↔	[24]
BPA	Fischer 344	0.5 or 50 μg/kg bw/d; drinking water	E3.5–PND22	5 wks	Femur	F	↔	↔	[24]
BPA	Wistar	0.025, 0.250, 5, or 50 mg/kg bw/d; gavage	E7–PND22	12 wks	Femur	M^a	↑/↔	↔	[25]
BPA	Wistar	0.025, 0.250, 5, or 50 mg/kg bw/d; gavage	E7–PND22	12 wks	Femur	F	↔	↔	[25]
BPA	Wistar Han	5 μg/kg/d; gavage	E0–PND110 (continuous)	PND110	Vertebra	M	↔	ND	[26]
BPA	Wistar Han	5 μg/kg/d; gavage	E0–PND110 (continuous)	PND110	Vertebra	F	↔	ND	[26]
DES	C57BL/6J	0.1, 1, 10 μg/kg/d; injection	E11–E14	4 mos	Femur	M	↔	ND	[40]
					Femur	F	↔	ND
					Vertebra	M	↔	ND
					Vertebra	F^a	↓/↑	ND
DES	CD-1	0.1, 2.5, 5, 10, 50, or 100 μg/kg bw/d; injection	E9–E16	7–9 mos	Femur	M	ND	ND	[9]
					Femur	F	↔	ND
					Vertebra	M	ND	ND
					Vertebra	F	↑	ND
DES	CD-1	2 μg/d; injection	PND1–PND5	12–14 mos	Femur	M	ND	ND	[31]
					Femur	F	↑	ND
					Vertebra	M	ND	ND
					Vertebra	F	↑	ND
DES	CD-1	2 mg/kg bw/d; injection	PND1–PND5	4 mos	Femur^a	M	↓	↔	[29]
					Femur^a	F	↑	↑
					Vertebra	M	↓	↓
					Vertebra	F	↑	↑
DES	C57BL/Tw	3 μg/d; injection	PND1–PND5	15 mos	Femur	M	↓	ND	[30]
					Femur	F	ND	ND
					Pelvis	M	↓	ND
					Pelvis	F	ND	ND
DES	C57BL/6J	0.1 μg/kg/d; osmotic pump	E11–PND12	13–23 wks	Femur	M	↔	↓	[6]
DES	C57BL/6J	0.1 μg/kg/d; osmotic pump	E11–PND12	13–23 wks	Femur	F	↔	↔	[6]
EE	C57BL/6J	0.01, 0.1, or 1 μg/kg/d; osmotic pump	E11–PND12	10 wks	Femur	M	ND	ND	[6]
EE	C57BL/6J	0.01, 0.1, or 1 μg/kg/d; osmotic pump	E11–PND12	10 wks	Femur	F^a	↔	↓	[6]
EE	Sprague-Dawley	0, 2, 10, or 50 ppb (∼0–6 μg/kg bw/d); in diet	E0-PND70 (continuous)	10 wks	Femur	M	↔	ND	[36]
					Femur	F	↔	ND
					Vertebra	M	↔	ND
					Vertebra	F^a	↓	ND
					Tibia	M	ND	ND
					Tibia	F	↔	ND
EB	C57BL/6J	100 μg; injection	PND1	16 wks	Femur	M	↓	↓	[37]
					Femur	F	↔	↔
					Vertebra	M	↓	ND
					Vertebra	F	↔	ND
EB	Fischer CDF	1 mg/kg/d; injection	E19–PND7	12 wks	Femur	M	↓	↔	[38]
					Femur	F	ND	ND
					Vertebra	M	↓	↔
					Vertebra	F	ND	ND
					Tibia	M	↓	ND
					Tibia	F	ND	ND

Abbreviations: BPA, bisphenol A; DES, diethylstilbestrol; E, embryonic day; EB, estradiol benzoate; EE, ethinyl estradiol; F, female; M, male; ND, not determined; PND, postnatal day; ↑, increase; ↓, decrease; ↔, no change.

^aNonmonotonic effect.