Table 3.
The effects of different ionizing irradiation treatments (gamma- and e-beam irradiation) on microbial load and mycotoxin content in various sample matrices.
| Target Organism/Toxin | Treatment | Sample Matrix | Technological Impact | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Natural fungal population | 0.75 kGy gamma | millet | none | [44] |
| Natural microbial load | 6 kGy e-beam | chestnuts | No effect on nutritional value | [45,46] |
| L. monocytogenes | 3.3 kGy e-beam (soft electrons) | Alfalfa sprouts | No quality deterioration | [47] |
| Aspergillus spp., Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., Curvularia spp., Helminthosporium spp. | 1.5–3.5 kGy gamma | wheat | Reduced quality for doses >2.5 kGy | [48] |
| Fusarium spp. | 4 kGy gamma | Barley | Reduced quality | [49] |
| Fusarium spp. | 6 kGy gamma | Wheat and maize | Reduced quality | [49] |
| Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. | 10–15 kGy e-beam | Dry split beans | No quality deterioration (10 kGy) | [50] |
| Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp. | 1.7–4.8 kGy e-beam | corn | Not investigated | [41] |
| Fusarium spp. and DON | 6–10 kGy e-beam | Barley, malt | Not investigated | [51] |
| OTA and aflatoxins | 15 kGy gamma | Wheat and sesame | Not investigated | [52,53,54] |
| OTA | 2 kGy gamma | Aqueous solution | - | [55] |
| DON, ZEN, T-2, FB1 | 10 kGy gamma | Soy beans, corn, wheat | Not investigated | [56] |
| FB1 | 7 kGy gamma | Barley, wheat, maize | Not investigated | [49] |
| aflatoxins | 1.5 kGy e-beam | Ground almond flour | Not investigated | [57] |
DON: Desoxynivalenol; OTA: Ochratoxin A; ZEN: Zearalenone; T-2: Fusariotoxin T 2; FB1: Fumonisin B1; -: none.