Table 3.

Betaine content in gluten-free products.

Product	Betaine Content (µg/g Dry Weight)	References
Bread and biscuits
gluten-free crispbread	9–107	[11]
savory biscuits	n.d.–104	[23]
wholegrain gluten-free bread	12–68	[11]
oatmeal biscuits	3	[11]
gluten-free flour enriched with fibers	1	[11]
sweet biscuits	n.d.	[21]
flour mixture for gluten-free bread	n.d.	[21]
gluten-free cookies with almonds, crackers, salty sticks	n.d.	[21]
expanded maize	n.d.	[21]
Pasta
buckwheat pasta, uncooked	390	[23]
	382	[11]
	175	[21]
maize-based pasta	2–20	[11]
maize and rice-based pasta, uncooked	n.d.	[21]
rice-based pasta, uncooked	n.d.	[21]
Breakfast cereals and related products
soy bran	182	[21]
unseasoned popcorn	19	[11]
cornflakes	14	[11]
buckwheat flakes	10	[11]
rice-based breakfast cereals	4–5	[11]
expanded rice	n.d.	[21]

n.d. not detected.