Table 7.

Genotoxicity/mutagenicity of ginger and related compounds.

	Test Object	Concentration	Results	References
In Vitro
Ginger
Ames assay	Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100, TA 98, TA 1535, and TA 1538 with and without activation	5 to 200 µg/plate	Mutagenic on metabolic activation in strains TA 100 and TA 1535	Nagabhushan et al., 1987 [50]
Ames assay	S. typhimurium TA 100 and TA 1535, with and without activation	25 and 50 mg/mL	Mutagenic in both TA, at both concentrations	Soudamini et al., 1995 [49]
Ames assay	S. typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98, with and without activation	0.78 to 25 mg/mL	Mutagenic on TA 98 activated cells from 3.13 mg/mL	Abudayyak et al., 2015 [41]
6-gingerol
Comet assay	HepG2	0 to 80 µmol/L	DNA strand breaks from 5.89 mg/mL (20 µmol/L)	Yang et al., 2010 [44]
Ames assay	Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100, TA 98, TA 1535, and TA 1538 with and without activation	5 to 200 µg/plate	Mutagenic on metabolic activation in strains TA 100 and TA 1535	Nagabhushan et al., 1987 [50]
Shogaol
Ames assay	Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100, TA 98, TA 1535, and TA 1538 with and without activation	5 to 200 µg/plate	Mutagenic on metabolic activation in strains TA 100 and TA 1535	Nagabhushan et al., 1987 [50]
Zingerone
Ames assay	Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100, TA 98, TA 1535, and TA 1538 with and without activation	5 to 200 µg/plate	No mutagenic effect	Nagabhushan et al., 1987 [50]