Table 8.

Acute/subacute toxicity of ginger extracts and the main related compounds.

	Administration	Species	Oral LD50	References
Ginger dried rhizome powder
Ginger powder	per os	Rats	No mortality	Rong et al., 2009 [52]
Ginger dried rhizomes extracts
Ginger dried rhizomes ethanol extract	intraperitoneal	Mice	1551 ± 75 mg/kg	Ojewole et al., 2006 [58]
Ginger dried rhizomes ethanol extract	per os	Hamsters	No mortality	Plengsuriyakarn et al., 2012 [38]
Patented standardized ethanol extract of dried rhizomes of ginger (EV.EXT 33)	per os	Pregnant rats	No mortality	Weidner et al., 2001 [55]
Freeze-dried ginger powder	per os	Rats	No mortality	Malik et al., 2011 [53]
Dry ginger decoction	per os	Rats: Gastric ulcer models	250 g/kg	Wu et al., 1990 [60]
Roasted ginger decoction	per os	Rats: Gastric ulcer models	170.6 g/kg	Wu et al., 1990 [60]
Ginger dried rhizomes ethanol extract		Mice	No mortality at 2.5 g/kg	Anonymous, 2003 [54]
Ginger oil	per os	Rabbits	5 g/kg	Anonymous, 2003 [54]
Ginger oil	per os	Rats	No mortality	Jeena et al., 2011 [57]
Related compounds
(E)-8 beta,17-epoxylabd-12-ene-15,16-dial (ZT)
(E)-8 beta,17-epoxylabd-12-ene-15,16-dial (ZT) from ginger	per os (25 mg/kg)	Mice	No mortality	Tanabe et al., 1993 [56]
(E)-8 beta,17-epoxylabd-12-ene-15,16-dial (ZT) from ginger	Intra-abdominal (25 mg/kg)	Mice	No mortality	Tanabe et al., 1993 [56]
6-shogaol
6-shogaol	intravenous	Mice	50.9 mg/kg	Suekawa et al., 1984 [59]
6-shogaol	intraperitoneal	Mice	109.2 mg/kg	Suekawa et al., 1984 [59]
6-shogaol	per os	Mice	687 mg/kg	Suekawa et al., 1984 [59]
6-gingerol
6-gingerol	intravenous	Mice	25.5 mg/kg	Suekawa et al., 1984 [59]
6-gingerol	intraperitoneal	Mice	58.1 mg/kg	Suekawa et al., 1984 [59]
6-gingerol	per os	Mice	250 mg/kg	Suekawa et al., 1984 [59]