FAP-α promotes TMZ resistance and induces the formation of cancer-initiating cells in U251MG cells (n=3). (A) Western blotting for FAP-α in U251MG cells transfected with FAP-α expressing plasmids. β-actin was the loading control. (B) MTT for cell viability in U251MG cells. U251MG cells transfected with FAP-α expressing plasmids and empty vectors (mock) were untreated or treated with TMZ. (C) Sphere growth for U251MG cells transfected with FAP-α expressing plasmids and empty vectors (mock). Scale bar, 200 µm. (D) Western blotting for STAT3, MDM2, CD133 and MET in U251MG cells transfected with FAP-α expressing plasmids and empty vectors (mock). β-actin was the loading control. TMZ, temozolomide; FAP-α, Fibroblast activation protein α; STAT3, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; MDM2, Mouse double minute 2 homolog; CD133, Prominin-1; MET, Tyrosine-protein kinase Met.