Figure 1.

HMGB1 modulates cell proliferation, cell death and metastasis. The overexpression of HMGB1 induces the activation of PI3K/Akt, NF-κB (p56) and MAPK (ERK1/2, p38) signaling pathways by binding to RAGE or TLRs on lung cancer cells. HMGB1, high-mobility group protein B1; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3-kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; MAPK, mitogen activated protein kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end-products; TLR, toll-like receptor; MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; extra, extracellular; intra, intracellular.