Table 5.
Average Relative Contribution, Across All Battery Types, of Each Metal to the Total Potential for All Resource Depletion Potential, Human Toxicity Potential, and Ecotoxicity Potential Methodsa,b,c,d
| method |
|||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ecotoxicity potential (LCIA based) |
|||||||||||||||
| human toxicity potential (LCIA based) |
Freshwater |
terrestrial |
|||||||||||||
| Abioticre source depletion potential (LCIA basec |
human toxicity potential (hazard based |
CML | TRACI | CML | TRACI | CML | |||||||||
| element | EPS | CML | TLV | PEL | REL | TPI | EmAir | Em.H20 | Em.Soil | EmAir | Em.H20 | Em.Soil | Em.AH | EmAll | EmAll |
| aluminum | 0.1% | − | 32.8% | 42.3% | 32.1% | 4.0% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| antimony | 0.2% | 4.1% | − | − | − | − | − | 0.1% | − | − | 0.3% | − | − | − | − |
| arsenic | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| barium | − | − | 0.2% | 2.5% | 1.9% | 0.1% | − | 0.6% | − | 0.8% | 5.7% | 0.3% | − | − | − |
| beryllium | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| cadmium | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| chromium | − | − | 0.1% | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 0.2% |
| cobalt | 63.7% | 2.0% | 51.2% | 35.3% | 50.4% | 17.7% | 79.2% | 20.3% | 41.9% | N/A | N/A | N/A | 79.0% | 12.2% | 92.0% |
| copper | 30.0% | 74.6% | 14.2% | 19.1% | 13.9% | 65.6% | 16.1% | 0.2% | 1.0% | 33.5% | 8.9% | 35.5% | 16.4% | 85.4% | 2.3% |
| iron | − | − | 0.3% | − | 0.1% | 0.1% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| lead | − | 0.4% | − | − | 0.8% | 0.1% | − | − | − | 8.1% | 0.7% | 8.5% | − | − | − |
| lithium | − | 0.1% | N/A | N/A | N/A | 5.4% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| manganese | − | − | 0.6% | − | 0.1% | 0.1% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| mercury | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| molybdenum | − | 0.2% | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 0.6% | 0.1% | 0.6% | − | − | − |
| nickel | 2.3% | 0.4% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.3% | 6.5% | 4.4% | 4.2% | 3.0% | 7.7% | 21.0% | 5.6% | 4.1% | 2.0% | 4.4% |
| selenium | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
| silver | 2.1% | 18.3% | − | − | − | − | N/A | N/A | N/A | 15.6% | 0.9% | 16.8% | N/A | 0.1% | N/A |
| thallium | 1.5% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 74.5% | 54.0% | 5.9% | 51.4% | 2.8% | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.9% | |
| vanadium | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 0.1% | − | − | 0.3% | − | 0.2% | − | − |
| zinc | − | − | − | − | − | 0.1% | − | − | − | 27.7% | 10.7% | 29.8% | 0.3% | 0.1% | − |
a
ND = not detected.
b
N/A = not applicable.
c
LCIA = life-cycle impact assessment; Em.Air = potential from emission to air; Em.H20 = Potential from emission to water; Em.Soil = potential from emission to soil; Em All = potential from average across emission to air, water, and soil.
d
Bold font = ≥ 30%, italic font = 5.0% to <30%, bold italic font = 1.0% to <5.0%, regular font = 0.1% to <1.0%, − = < 0.1%.