Table 1.
Child, maternal and household characteristics by study group (ASD cases vs. general population [POP] controls and non-ASD developmental delays/disorders [DD] controls)
| ASD (n = 693)
|
POP controls (n = 883)
|
DD controls (n = 676)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Child sex | ||||||
| Female | 124 | 17.9 | 411 | 46.5 | 252 | 37.3 |
| Male | 569 | 82.1 | 472 | 53.5 | 424 | 62.7 |
| Maternal education level | ||||||
| Less than bachelor’s degree | 331 | 47.8 | 296 | 33.5 | 250 | 37.0 |
| Bachelor’s degree | 211 | 30.4 | 322 | 36.5 | 232 | 34.3 |
| Graduate degree | 147 | 21.2 | 264 | 29.9 | 192 | 28.4 |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White non-Hispanic | 383 | 55.3 | 623 | 70.6 | 444 | 65.7 |
| Black/African American non-Hispanic | 136 | 19.6 | 104 | 11.8 | 83 | 12.3 |
| Other/multi-racial Non-Hispanic | 84 | 12.1 | 72 | 8.2 | 64 | 9.5 |
| Hispanic/Latino/Latina | 85 | 12.3 | 78 | 8.8 | 79 | 11.7 |
| Maternal birthplace | ||||||
| USA | 541 | 78.1 | 760 | 86.1 | 557 | 82.4 |
| Other | 150 | 21.6 | 122 | 13.8 | 117 | 17.3 |
| Maternal primary language | ||||||
| English | 612 | 88.3 | 823 | 93.2 | 601 | 88.9 |
| Spanish | 35 | 5.1 | 26 | 2.9 | 45 | 6.7 |
| Other | 44 | 6.3 | 34 | 3.9 | 28 | 4.1 |
| Household income | ||||||
| < $50,000 | 266 | 38.4 | 228 | 25.8 | 196 | 29.0 |
| $50,000–$90,000 | 214 | 30.9 | 305 | 34.5 | 240 | 35.5 |
| $90,000+ | 190 | 27.4 | 331 | 37.5 | 211 | 31.2 |
| Missing | 23 | 3.3 | 19 | 2.2 | 29 | 4.3 |
| # Children in home | ||||||
| 1 | 141 | 20.3 | 115 | 13.0 | 114 | 16.9 |
| 2 | 328 | 47.3 | 452 | 51.2 | 314 | 46.4 |
| 3 | 146 | 21.1 | 231 | 26.2 | 175 | 25.9 |
| 4+ | 74 | 10.7 | 81 | 9.2 | 69 | 10.2 |
| # People in home | ||||||
| 2 | 22 | 3.2 | 19 | 2.2 | 27 | 4.0 |
| 3 | 133 | 19.2 | 111 | 12.6 | 100 | 14.8 |
| 4 | 292 | 42.1 | 425 | 48.1 | 290 | 42.9 |
| 5+ | 242 | 34.9 | 324 | 36.7 | 255 | 37.7 |
| Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (prior diagnosis) | ||||||
| No | 637 | 91.9 | 876 | 99.2 | 645 | 95.4 |
| Yes | 56 | 8.1 | 7 | 0.8 | 31 | 4.6 |
| Behavior problems (prior diagnosis) | ||||||
| No | 600 | 86.6 | 874 | 99.0 | 650 | 96.2 |
| Yes | 93 | 13.4 | 9 | 1.0 | 26 | 3.8 |
| Seizure disorder/epilepsy (prior diagnosis) | ||||||
| No | 661 | 95.4 | 881 | 99.8 | 652 | 96.4 |
| Yes | 32 | 4.6 | 2 | 0.2 | 24 | 3.6 |
| Any maternal neurodevelopmental condition | ||||||
| No | 572 | 82.5 | 800 | 90.6 | 581 | 85.9 |
| Yes | 78 | 11.3 | 43 | 4.9 | 54 | 8.0 |
| Missing | 43 | 6.2 | 40 | 4.5 | 41 | 6.1 |
| Any maternal psychiatric condition | ||||||
| No | 427 | 61.6 | 644 | 72.9 | 443 | 65.5 |
| Yes | 223 | 32.2 | 199 | 22.5 | 192 | 28.4 |
| Missing | 43 | 6.2 | 40 | 4.5 | 41 | 6.1 |
| Maternal depression | ||||||
| No | 478 | 69.0 | 682 | 77.2 | 485 | 71.7 |
| Yes | 163 | 23.5 | 153 | 17.3 | 142 | 21.0 |
| Missing | 52 | 7.5 | 48 | 5.4 | 49 | 7.2 |
|
| ||||||
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | |
|
| ||||||
| Child age at enrollment (months) | 55.7 | 6.8 | 55.5 | 7.7 | 55.7 | 7.5 |
| Maternal age at child’s birth (years) | 31.6 | 5.6 | 32.1 | 5.4 | 32.4 | 5.3 |
| Mullen ELC Standard Score | 67.0 | 20.1 | 102.4 | 14.6 | 89.5 | 21.1 |
| Externalizing Behavior Score (CBCL) | 60.3 | 11.4 | 43.9 | 10.2 | 46.8 | 11.0 |
| Attention Problems Score (CBCL) | 63.4 | 8.5 | 52.2 | 4.2 | 54.4 | 6.6 |
| Attention deficit/Hyperactivity Problems Score (CBCL) | 60.4 | 8.2 | 51.7 | 3.7 | 53.1 | 5.4 |