. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Apr 20.

Published in final edited form as: Phys Med Biol. 2018 Apr 20;63(8):085019. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/aab83b

Table 1.

Parameters considered in photon budget and typical range of quanta available at each stage.

Component

Parameters

Parameter range

Quanta range (N/mm²)

Radiation

γ⁻ (MV) or e⁻ (MeV),
Dose (Gy),
Rate (Gy/s)

6–18(MV), 6–18(MeV),
0–2(Gy),
0.017 – 0.1 (Gy/s)

Cherenkov

β,
n

0.81–0.98,
1.3–1.5

1.0E+07–2.0E+11

Tissue μ-environment

e x p^{- d_{0} μ_{a}} ({mm}^{- 1})

d₀: <1mm
μ_a: 0.02–20.0 (mm⁻¹)

8.0E+06–2.0E+11

Luminescence

Φ (%),
τ (μs)

0.01–0.3,
1–300 (μs)

8.0E+04–6.0E+10

Tissue diffusion

e x p^{- d_{1} μ_{eff}} ({mm}^{- 1})

d₁: 1–20 (mm)
μ_eff: 0.1–10.0 (mm⁻¹)

5.0E+02–5.0E+07

Camera placement

\frac{1}{{d_{2}}^{2}}

d₂: 300–2000 (mm)

1.0E−04–6.0E+02

Lens

\frac{2 s i n^{- 1} (N A)}{π}

NA: 0.09–0.42

7.0E−06–2.0E+02

Signal

Background

Signal

Background

Signal

Background

Photocathode

QE(λ)
(%)

EBI
(ph/pix/s)

0.01–0.35

0.002–0.02

7.0E−08–6.0E+01

8.0E−08–1.0E−04

MCP

Gain

10⁴–10⁷

7.0E−04–6.0E+08

8.0E−04–1.0E+03

Phosphor plate

η
(ph/e)

τ (ms)

95–200

0.2μs–3ms

7.0E−02–1.0E+11

Coupling

50%

30–80 %

3.0E−02–6.0E+10

CCD

QE(λ)
(%)

σS, σ_D

0.3–0.5

\sqrt{N}

,
<2

1.0E−02–2.0E+10

ADC

Rate (MHz)

Read noise (e⁻)

2–32

10–70 (e⁻)