Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants in the longitudinal analysis.
| Plasma Renin Activity (μg/L/h) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 0.50 | 0.51 – 0.99 | ≥ 1.0 | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Suppressed Renin Phenotype (N=392) | Indeterminate Renin Phenotype (N=271) | Unsuppressed Renin Phenotype (N=187) | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Serum Aldosterone | Serum Aldosterone | Serum Aldosterone | ||||
| <Median | ≥Median | <Median | ≥Median | <Median | ≥Median | |
| N | 247 | 145 | 135 | 136 | 44 | 143 |
| Age (y) | 63.5 (9.3) | 63.0 (9.2) | 61.0 (9.0) | 59.8 (7.7) | 59.3 (9.1) | 59.8 (9.3) |
| Female sex (n/%) | 128 (51.8) | 79 (54.5) | 64 (47.4) | 60 (44.1) | 17 (38.6) | 45 (31.5) |
| Race/ethnicity (n/%) | ||||||
| White | 104 (42.1) | 61 (42.1) | 63 (46.7) | 62 (45.6) | 15 (34.1) | 67 (46.9) |
| Hispanic | 51 (20.7) | 33 (22.8) | 45 (33.3) | 37 (27.2) | 18 (40.9) | 50 (35.0) |
| African American | 54 (21.9) | 24 (16.6) | 11 (8.2) | 10 (7.4) | 3 (6.8) | 5 (3.5) |
| Chinese American | 38 (15.4) | 27 (18.6) | 16 (11.9) | 27 (19.9) | 8 (18.2) | 21 (14.7) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 (4.9) | 27.1 (4.9) | 27.8 (4.9) | 27.1 (5.2) | 27.2 (5.4) | 26.7 (4.7) |
| Fasting Blood Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.14 (1.48) | 5.19 (0.95) | 5.26 (1.19) | 5.50 (1.88) | 5.33 (1.5) | 5.41 (1.9) |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 116.1 (13.3) | 116.8 (13.6) | 111.0 (12.9) | 111.1 (12.5) | 108.0 (11.2) | 111.7 (14.5) |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 68.3 (8.5) | 68.3 (8.7) | 65.9 (9.1) | 68.3 (8.1) | 67.9 (8.2) | 68.5 (8.2) |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 83.8 (15.0) | 81.0 (15.1) | 84.6 (14.4) | 83.2 (13.4) | 85.2 (14.8) | 84.5 (15.7) |
| Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (n/%) | ||||||
| Normal (<3.5 mg/mmol) | 237 (96.0) | 137 (94.5) | 131 (97.0) | 129 (94.9) | 39 (88.6) | 135 (94.4) |
| Microalbuminuria (3.5–35 mg/mmol) | 10 (4.1) | 8 (5.5) | 4 (3.0) | 6 (4.4) | 4 (9.1) | 6 (4.2) |
| Macroalbuminuria (≥35 mg/mmol) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 2 (1.4) |
| LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 29.8 (7.6) | 30.0 (8.6) | 30.8 (8.5) | 29.8 (7.3) | 30.2 (6.0) | 30.6 (7.6) |
| Physical Activity (METS* min/week) | 1406.1 (1957.3) | 1454.5 (1773.8) | 1296.5 (1668.1) | 1487.6 (1932.15) | 1308.5 (2437.9) | 1572.8 (1849.9) |
| Smoking status (n/%) | ||||||
| Never smoker | 113 (46.5) | 85 (59.0) | 53 (39.3) | 69 (50.7) | 26 (59.1) | 56 (39.4) |
| Former | 95 (39.1) | 44 (30.6) | 63 (46.7) | 45 (33.1) | 10 (22.7) | 64 (45.1) |
| Current | 35 (14.4) | 15 (10.4) | 19 (14.1) | 22 (16.2) | 8 (18.2) | 22 (15.5) |
| Current Alcohol Use (n/%) | 132 (53.7) | 77 (53.1) | 72 (53.3) | 80 (58.8) | 18 (40.9) | 95 (66.4) |
| Oral Estrogen Use (n/%) | 16 (6.5) | 10 (6.9) | 7 (5.2) | 8 (5.9) | 1 (2.3) | 11 (7.7) |
| NSAID Use (n/%) | 36 (14.6) | 15 (10.3) | 19 (14.1) | 19 (14.0) | 6 (13.6) | 11 (7.7) |
| Level of Education (n/%) | ||||||
| None to Grade 11 | 37 (15.0) | 25 (17.2) | 14 (10.4) | 22 (16.2) | 9 (20.5) | 29 (20.4) |
| High School to some College | 75 (30.4) | 45 (31.0) | 40 (29.6) | 42 (30.9) | 14 (31.8) | 39 (27.5) |
| Associate’s, Bachelor’s, or Professional degree | 135 (54.7) | 75 (51.7) | 81 (60) | 72 (52.9) | 21 (47.7) | 74 (52.1) |
| Annual Income, (n/%) | ||||||
| <$30,000 | 79 (32.0) | 53 (36.6) | 32 (23.7) | 44 (32.4) | 17 (38.6) | 46 (32.2) |
| $30,000 – $75,000 | 111 (44.9) | 44 (30.3) | 72 (53.3) | 55 (40.4) | 15 (34.1) | 54 (37.8) |
| >$75,000 | 57 (23.1) | 48 (33.1) | 31 (23.0) | 37 (27.2) | 12 (27.3) | 43 (30.1) |
| No health insurance (n/%) | 17 (6.9) | 11 (7.6) | 9 (6.7) | 10 (7.4) | 4 (9.1) | 10 (7.0) |
| Aldosterone (pmol/L)* | 241.3 (66.9) 246.7 [192.4, 295.1] |
475.6 (102.8) 449.9 [401.9, 527.5] |
252.1 (71.0) 266.3 [195.6, 313.9] |
503.2 (129.6) 468.1 [406.9, 559.5] |
271.0 (64.6) 288.2 [225.2, 326.4] |
584.1 (225.3) 521.5 [448.8, 642.4] |
| Plasma Renin Activity (μg/L/h)* | 0.28 (0.12) 0.29 [0.19, 0.37] |
0.28 (0.13) 0.29 [0.17, 0.40] |
0.69 (0.13) 0.66 [0.57, 0.78] |
0.75 (0.13) 0.86 [0.65, 0.92] |
1.81 (1.02) 1.39 [1.17, 1.87] |
1.76 (0.90) 1.55 [1.17, 1.93] |
| Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio (ARR)* (pmol/L per μg/L/h) | 1672 (4784) 849 [636, 1300] |
3589 (8616) 1603 [1154, 3053] |
384 (142) 373 [272, 491] |
697 (223) 644 [542, 804] |
181 (73) 197 [136, 235] |
371 (145) 355 [273, 448] |
| Proportion with Serum Aldosterone and Plasma Renin Activity Measured at Examination 2 (n/%) | 93 (37.7) | 48 (33.1) | 47 (34.8) | 54 (39.7) | 17 (38.6) | 55 (38.5) |
| Proportion with Serum Aldosterone and Plasma Renin Activity Measured at Examination 3 (n/%) | 154 (62.4) | 97 (66.9) | 88 (65.2) | 82 (60.3) | 27 (61.4) | 88 (61.5) |
Baseline characteristics are presented corresponding to the examination when serum aldosterone and plasma renin activity were measured, either at examination 2 or examination 3. Characteristics are stratified by phenotypes of renin and serum aldosterone < median (Q1 & Q2) (<349.7 pmol/L) or ≥ median (Q3 & Q4) (≥349.7 pmol/L).
BMI: Body Mass Index; eGFR: Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.
Values shown as Mean (Standard Deviation) unless otherwise shown.
*
Serum aldosterone, plasma renin activity, and ARR shown as both Mean (SD) and Median [Interquartile Range].