Table 2.
Metabolic genes and protein products altered in rheumatoid FLS and their association with cancer.*
| Related Metabolic Pathways | Genes | Protein | Cancer Association |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pentose phosphate pathway | GPX7 | Glutathione peroxidase7 | Downregulation in gastric cancer cell lines (127) whereas over-expression in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue (128) |
| MGST2 | Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 2 | Common variation in psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese population (129) | |
| NAMPT | Nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase | Increased intracellular expression has been reported in primary colorectal cancer, involved in angiogenesis by activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and inducing VEGF and MMP2/9 (130-132) | |
| NNMT | Nicotinamide methyltransferase | Regulates hepatic nutrient metabolism (133), associated with obesity, diabetes (134), non-small cell lung cancer (135), colorectal cancer (136) and oral carcinoma cells (137) | |
| Glycolysis | HK2 | Hexokinase 2 | Mutated in cancer cells, harnesses OXPHOS ATP production to drive glycolysis (138) |
| IDH1 | Isocitratedehydrogenase1 | Oncogenic mutations in fibrosarcoma cells (139), chondrosarcoma (140), acute myelogenous leukemia, low-grade glioma, and secondary glioblastoma (141), promote cancer cell growth and resistance to targeted therapy. | |
| ACO1 | Aconitase 1 | Associated with the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer (142) | |
| TPI1 | Triosephosphate isomerase 1 | Decreased expression in hepatocellular carcinoma, suppresses growth, migration and invasion of hepatocellular cancer cells (143) | |
| PGD | Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase | Upregulated in cancer cells, lipogenesis and tumor growth, tumor cell migration (144-146) | |
| Glycogen pathway | UGP2 | UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase 2 | Progression and poor prognostic biomarker of gallbladder cancer (147) |
| PYGB | glycogen phosphorylase B | Common variants are associated with type 2 diabetes (148) | |
| Triacylglycerol synthesis and degradation | FADS1 | Fatty acid desaturase 1 | Associated with colorectal cancer risk in East Asians (149) |
| SCD | Stearoyl-CoA desaturase | Suppresses tumor cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in neoplastic lesions when inhibited (150) | |
| Amino acid metabolism | ANPEP | Alanyl aminopeptidase | Known as CD13, inhibition of CD4+CD25+ T cells ameliorates acute colitis in mice (151) |
ATP= Adenosine triphosphate; MMP=matrix metalloproteinase; OXHOS= Oxidative phosphorylation; VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor.
*
For reference detail, see Supplementary references.