Table 1.

Study Characteristics^a

First Author, Year	Location	Device	Study Design	No. of Patients	Patient Age, Years	% Men	Race/ Ethnicity (%)	Indication for LVAD (%)	Duration of Support	Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Miller et al, 2007⁴⁶	Multi-center	HeartMate II	Prospective, observational	133	50.1	76.0	White (69) African American (23)	BTT (100) ICM (37)	126 d, median	End-stage heart failure	Severe renal, pulmonary, or hepatic dysfunction; active, uncontrolled infection; mechanical aortic valve; aortic insufficiency; other support device (except IABP)
Schulman et al, 2007²⁴	New York, USA	HeartMate II, DeBakey Micro-Med	Retrospective, case series	27	55.1 (12.8)	81.5	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between October 2003 and April 2006	NR
Struber et al, 2008¹⁶	Hanover, Germany	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	101	48 (13)	NR	NR	BTT (69.3) DT (30.7)	NR	12 European centers between March 2004 and January 2007	NR
Morshuis et al, 2009⁴⁷	Multi-center	DuraHeart	Prospective, observational	33	55.5 (12.5)	85.0	NR	BTT (100.0)	242 (243) d	Surgical contraindication to LVAD, high-risk cardiothoracic surgery within 30 days, aortic regurgitation, severe COPD, >1 week of ventilator support, active infection, end- stage renal or liver disease, primary RV dysfunction	NR
Lahpor et al, 2010⁴⁸	Multi-center	HeartMate II	Registry review	411	51.0 (14.0)	81.0	NR	NR	236 (214) d	HeartMate II implanted in 1 of 64 European centers that contribute to the Thoratec data bank	Implantation <6 mo before study inception
Topkara et al, 2010³²	Missouri, USA	HeartMate II, Ventr-Assist	Retrospective, case series	81	51.8 (13.7)	78.0	White (77) African American (23)	DT (29.6) BTT (70.4) ICM (46.7)	9.2 (9.2) mo	NR	NR
Wieselthaler et al, 2010⁴⁹	Multi-center	Heart-Ware HVAD	Nonrandomized controlled trial	23	48 (12.6)	87.0	NR	ICM (30.0)	167 (143) d	Refractory end- stage heart failure with optimal medical therapy and inotropes. UNOS status 1A or 1B	Mechanical circulatory support (except IABP); cardiac transplant within 12 mo; mortality within 14 days; >72 h mechanical ventilation; PE within 2 weeks; mechanical valve; aortic regurgitation; active, uncontrolled infection; thrombocytopenia; uncontrolled coagulopathy; dialysis; liver failure
Bogaev et al, 2011³⁹	Multi-center	HeartMate II	Secondary analysis of data from Heart-Mate II clinical trial and continuous access protocol	465	51.8 (13.2)	77.6	NR	BTT (100.0) ICM (44.9)	338.9 (335.9) d	At least 18 mo follow-up	HeartMate II clinical trial
Garbade et al, 2011⁵⁰	Leipzig, Germany	HeartMate II or Heart-Ware	Retrospective, cohort	49	53 (12)	90.0	NR	DT (16.0) BTT (84.0)	138 (53) d	Implantation between 2006 and 2010	NR
John et al, 2011²⁵	Minnesota, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, cohort	102	52.6 (12.8)	74.5	NR	BTT (100.0)	327 (286) d	BTT	Exchange for device failure or destination therapy
John et al, 2011⁵¹	Multi-center	HeartMate II	Registry study	1982	NR	77.2	NR	BTT (100.0)	9.7 mo	CF LVAD as BTT, data as reported to INTERMACS and from the original HeartMate II clinical trial	NR
Schaffer et al, 2011¹⁵	Maryland, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	86	49.7, mean	70.9	NR	DT (33.7) BTT (66.3)	NR	Implantation between June 2000 and May 2009	NR
Starling et al, 2011²⁵	Multi-center	HeartMate II	Registry review	169	NR	78.0	White (74) African American (17)	BTT (100.0)	306 (173) d	INTERMACS registry for BTT between April and August 2008	NR
Aggarwal et al, 2012²⁰	Illinois, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, cohort	87	62 (12.8)	86.0	White (36) African American (49)	NR ICM (57.4)	923.5 (567.3) d	Consecutive patients, between 2005 and 2009	Episode of transient bacteremia
Brewer et al, 2012⁵²	Multi-center	HeartMate II	Retrospective, HeartMate II BTT and DT trials	896	56.8 (14.1)	76.1	White (71.9) African American (20.2)	NR	NR	Enrollment in HeartMate II clinical trials for BTT or DT	Exchange from HeartMate XVE to HeartMate II
Bomholt et al, 2011⁵³	Copen-hagen, Denmark	HeartMate II	Retrospective, cohort	31	46 (24–55)	74.0	White (100.0)	BTT (81.0) DT (19.0) ICM (26.0)	317 (93–595) d	Consecutive patients	NR
Chamogeorgakis et al, 2012²⁷	Ohio, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	135	54 (14)	78.5	NR	BTT (40.0) BTD (39.0) DT (21.0)	NR	NR	NR
Donahey et al, 2012³¹	Georgia, USA	NR	Retrospective, case series	57	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Eleuteri et al, 2012⁵⁴	Pennsylvania, USA	HeartMate II, Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, cohort	97	59 (10)	81.0	NR	BTT (33.0) BTC (21.6) DT (47.4)	3359 (340) d	Implantation between 2006 and 2011	NR
Fleissner et al, 2012²⁹	Hanover, Germany	Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, cohort	81	52 (16.1)	82.7	White (100.0)	ICM (45) NICM (55)	258 (531) d	Implantation in 2008, 2009, or 2011	NR
Goldstein et al, 2012³⁰	Multi-center	NR	INTERMACS registry study	2006	NR, although younger age was a risk factor for percutaneous infection	NR, although older men were at increased risk for infection	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 6/2006 and 9/2010	NR
Guerrero-Miranda et al, 2012⁵⁵	New Jersey, USA	HeartMate II, DeBakey Micro-Med, Centri-Mag, DuraHeart, Ventr-Assist, Heart-Ware	Retrospective, cohort	120	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Hozayen et al, 2012⁵⁶	Minnesota, USA	Heart-Ware, Ventr-Assist, Heart-Mate II	Retrospective, cohort	63	57.5 (17.4)	68.2	NR	ICM (52.4) NICM (47.6)	NR	NR	NR
Kamdar et al, 2015⁵⁷	Multi-center	NR	Registry study	2900	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	All patients entered in INTERMACS registry between 6/2006 and 3/2011	NR
Krabatsch et al, 2012⁵⁸	Berlin, Germany	Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case series	142	55.1 (15.9)	82.3	NR	NR	206 d, mean follow- up	Between 9/2009 and 10/2011	Children, patients with congenital heart disease
Maiani et al, 2012⁵⁹	Multisite, Italy	Jarvik 2000	Registry study	65	63.0 (8.0)	89.2	NR	DT (95) ICM (53)	320 d, mean	Between 2006 and 2011	NR
Mano et al, 2012⁶⁰	Pittsburgh, USA	CF LVAD	Retrospective, cohort	78	NR	NR	NR	NR	260 (265) d	Between 12/2006 and 6/2011	NR
Menon et al, 2012⁶¹	Aachen, Germany	HeartMate II	Retrospective, cohort	40	58.0 (11.0)	NR	NR	DT (22.5) BTT (62.5) BTC (15.0) ICM (72.5)	NR	NYHA IIIB or IV heart failure, between 2008 and 2011	NR
Park et al, 2012⁶²	Multicenter trial	HeartMate II	Registry study	281	63.3 (12.6)	76.0	NR	DT (100.0) ICM (24.0)	1.7 y, mean	≥2 y follow-up	Prior HeartMate XVE
Popov et al, 2012⁶³	Harefield, United Kingdom	Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case series	34	51.0 (10.0)	85.3	NR	NR	261 (264) d	Implantation between 2007 and 2011	NR
Schibilsky et al, 2012⁶⁴	Tubingen, Germany	HeartMate II or Ventr-Assist	Retrospective, case series	43	55.7 (13.3)	83.7	NR	DT (25.6) BTT (74.4)	NR	Implantation between 2006 and 2010	NR
Tarzia et al, 2012⁶⁵	Multicenter, Italy	Jarvik 2000	Registry review	65	65, median	89.2	NR	ICM (53.0)	NR	Implantation between 2006 and 2011	NR
Aldeiri et al, 2013²¹	Texas, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, cohort	149	55.5 (13)	75.8	NR	ICM (59.0)	NR	Implantation between 2008 and 2012	NR
Choudhary et al, 2013²⁸	New York, USA	HeartMate II	Prospective, observational cohort	171	54.0 (12.4)	82.0	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 11/2006 and 1/2013	Death within 3 mo of device explant
Forest et al, 2013²³	New York, USA	NR	Retrospective, cohort	105	56 (14)	82.0	NR	DT (45.0) ICM (51.0)	NR	Implantation between 2006 and 2012	NR
Haj-Yahia et al, 2007⁶⁶	Minnesota, USA	HeartMate II	Registry study	115	62 [53–69]	83.0	NR	DT (64.0) BTT (36.0)	NR	Survival to discharge, between 2008 and 2011	NR
Lalonde et al, 2013⁶⁷	Toronto, Canada	HeartMate II and Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case series	46	50.1 (12.6)	60.8	NR	BTT (76.2) BTC (19.5) DT (4.3) ICM (26.1)	NR	Implantation between 1/2006 and 4/2012	NR
Nienaber et al, 2013³⁶	Minnesota, USA	HeartMate II, Jarvik 2000, Ventr-Assist	Retrospective, case series	78	56.8 (14.9)	79.0	White (87.0) African American (7.0)	DT (62.0) BTT (38.0)	1.5 (1.0) y	Implantation between 2005 and 2011	LVAD implanted elsewhere, RVAD
Slaughter et al, 2013⁶⁸	Kentucky, USA	Heart-Ware HVAD	Prospective, observational	332	52.8 (11.9)	71.1	White (68.7) African American (25.9)	BTT (100.0) ICM (36.7)	NR	UNOS status 1A or 1B	Other mechanical circulatory device (except IABP)
Smedira et al, 2013¹⁷	Ohio, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	92	53 (14)	78.0	NR	DT (22.0) BTT (78.0)	NR	Implantation between 10/2004 and 1/2010	NR
Stulak et al, 2013⁶⁹	Minnesota, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	285	54, mean	51.0	NR	DT (41.0) BTT (39.0) ICM (53.0)	NR	Primary VAD implantation	NR
Tong et al, 2013²⁶	Ohio, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	254	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Between 2004 and 2012	NR
Wu et al, 2013⁷⁰	Berlin, Germany	Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case review	141	51.6 (16.2)	82.5	NR	DT (28.4) BTT (71.6) ICM (44.7)	NR	Between 8/2009 and 4/2011	NR
Baronetto et al, 2014⁴⁰	Turin, Italy	Heart-Ware HVAD	Prospective, observational cohort	23	57.5	100.0	White (100.0)	BTT (52.0) DT (48.0)	7 mo	Implant with HeartWare HVAD between 4/2013 and 11/2013	NR
Cagliostro et al, 2014⁴¹	New York, USA	HeartMate II (other devices unspecified)	Prospective, observational cohort	253	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 2010 and 2013	NR
Chan et al, 2014⁷¹	Singapore, Singapore	HeartMate II or Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, cohort	40	41.0	NR	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 5/2009 and 9/2013	NR
Cogswell et al, 2014⁷²	Minnesota, USA	HeartMate II or Heart-Ware HVAD	Matched cohort	60	43 (14.6)	80.0	White (73.3) African American (16.6) Asian (1.6)	BTT (95.0) DT (5.0) ICM (30.0)	NR	Age >16 y; DSM, IV substance abuse (case arm) or documented lack thereof (matched cohort)	Death in hospital, contraindications to transplantation
Dean et al, 2014⁷³	Multicenter	HeartMate II	Secondary analysis of Heart-Mate II destination therapy clinical trial	401	60, median	NR	NR	BTT (50.0) DT (50.0)	19 (7–46) mo	Inclusion in HeartMate II registry database	NR
Hieda et al, 2014⁷⁴	Osaka, Japan	NR	Retrospective, case series	16	37.5 (11.9)	100.0	Asian (100.0)	BTT (100.0) ICM (18.8)	387 (228) d	BTT, between 2011 and 2013	NR
Jennings et al, 2014⁷⁵	Detroit, USA	NR	Retrospective, case series	16	52, median	69.0	NR	DT (69.0) BTT (31.0)	NR	Between 1/2008 and 8/2011, with systemic antimicrobial agent therapy for suppression of confirmed LVAD infection	Superficial percutaneous driveline infection
John et al, 2014⁷⁶	Multicenter	Heart-Ware HVAD	Registry study	332	52.7 (11.9)	71.1	NR	BTT (100.0) ICM (36.7)	NR	Secondary analysis of ADVANCE BTT and CAP trial with ≥6 mo follow-up	NR
Jorde et al, 2014⁷⁷	Multi-center	HeartMate II	Registry study	380	NR	81.8	White (74.5) African American (18.7)	BTT (65.0) DT (35.0) ICM (60.0)	NR	First 247 patients who had a HeartMate II implant after FDA device approval and 133 patients in the original HeartMate II clinical trial	NR
Kimura et al, 2014³³	Tokyo, Japan	DuraHeart Evaheart	Retrospective, case series	31	39.7 (11.7)	84.0	NR	BTT (100.0) ICM (12.9)	NR	End-stage heart failure, BTT	HeartMate II device implantation
Koval et al, 2014⁷⁸	Ohio, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	181	54 (13.8)	80.0	White (79.0) Other races unspecified	DT (29) BTT (71) ICM (46)	NR	Implantation between 10/2004 and 9/2011	Previous LVAD
Kretlow et al, 2014¹⁴	Texas, USA	CF LVAD	Retrospective, case series	26	51.3 (15.7)	81.0	NR	DT (7.7) BTT (92.3)	NR	All patients treated by the senior author for LVAD infection	NR
Masood et al, 2014³⁷	Michigan, USA	CF LVAD	Retrospective, case series	328	56, median	77.0	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR
Moazami et al, 2014⁷⁹	Multicenter	DuraHeart	Prospective, observational study	63	54 (11.3)	84.0	NR	BTT (100.0) ICM (49.0)	NR	Advanced heart failure in patients listed for transplant at 1 of 40 investigator centers	NR
Nelson et al, 2014⁸⁰	Pennsylvania, USA	HeartMate II and Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case series	12	54.3 (19.3)	75.0	White (86.0) African American (14.0)	DT (42.0) BTT (58.0) ICM (58.0) DCM (17.0) NICM (17.0) Familial (8.0)	NR	Patients who required plastic surgery for complex wound management, between 2008 and 2013	NR
Nishi et al, 2014⁸¹	Osaka, Japan	Heart-Ware HVAD	Prospective, cohort	9	33.5 (7.8)	66.7	NR	BTT (100.0) ICM (0)	245 (162) d	Patients eligible for cardiac transplantation, taking maximal medical therapy	NR
Raymer et al, 2014⁸²	Missouri, USA	HeartMate II Heart-Ware HVAD (35)	Retrospective case series	316	NR	78.0	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 6/2005 and 7/2013	NR
Sabashnikov et al, 2014⁸	Harefield, United Kingdom	HeartMate II or Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, cohort	139	44 (13.7)	NR	NR	BTT (100.0) ICM (11.0) DCM (83.0) PPM (1.0) HCM (5.0)	514 (481) d	Implantation between 2007 and 2013	NR
Singh et al, 2014⁸³	Wisconsin, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	125	NR	NR	NR	NR	628 (231.1) d	Implantation between 6/2008, and 10/2011	NR
Subbotina et al, 2014⁸⁴	Hamburg, Germany	Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case series	38	57 (12)	NR	NR	ICM 31.6	10 (7) mo	Implantation between 1/2010 and 8/2013	NR
Takeda et al, 2014⁸⁵	New York, USA	HeartMate II, Ventr-Assist, Dura-Heart, DeBakey Micro-Med	Retrospective, case series	140	54.7 (14.4)	79.3	ICM (36.4)	DT (17.9) BTT (82.1)	NR	Implantation between 2004 and 2010	NR
Abou el ela et al, 2015⁸⁶	Missouri, USA	HeartMate II and Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case series	363	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 2009 and 2013	NR
Akhter et al, 2015³⁴	Wisconsin, USA	HeartMate II (120) Heart-Ware HVAD (1) DeBakey Micro-Med (1)	Retrospective, case series	122	53 (12.9)	77.0	NR	ICM (43.6)	370 (336) d	Implantation between 2007 and 2013	NR
Birks et al, 2015⁸⁷	Multicenter	Heart-Ware HVAD	Registry study	332	52.7 (11.9)	71.1	White (68.7) African American (26.7)	BTT (100) ICM (36.7)	NR	Secondary analysis of ADVANCE BTT and CAP trial, ≥6 mo follow-up	NR
Fried et al, 2015¹¹	New York, USA	HeartMate II, Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case series	298	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 2008 and 2014	NR
Fudim et al, 2015⁸⁸	Tennessee, USA	Heart-Ware HVAD, Heart-Mate II	Retrospective, case series	161	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 2009 and 2014	NR
Haeck et al, 2015⁸⁹	Leiden, Netherlands	Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case series	16	61 (8)	81.0	NR	DT (100.0) ICM (81.0)	NR	Consecutive LVAD implants	NR
Haglund et al, 2015⁴⁵	Tennessee, USA	HeartMate II, Heart-Ware HVAD	Registry study	81	52.6 (10.6)	78.0	NR	BTT (100.0)	NR	Patients in the Vanderbilt Advanced Heart Failure Registry	DT, died before the index hospitalization, implantation with temporary or pulsatile LVAD, RVAD, or TAH
Harvey et al, 2015⁹⁰	Minnesota, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, cohort	230	57.0 (14.0)	80.4	NR	BTT (80.4) DT (19.6)	NR	Implantation between 2006 and 2013	NR
Henderson et al, 2015⁹¹	Illinois, USA	CF LVAD	Retrospective, cohort	56	52.4 (12.5)	NR	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 2008 and 2014	NR
Imamura et al, 2015¹³	Japan	Evaheart, Dura-Heart, HeartMate II, Jarvik 2000, Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, cohort	57	40.0 (12.0)	79.0	Asian (100.0)	BTB (9.0) ICM (5.0)	421 (325) d	NR	Driveline infection before first discharge
Krishna-moorthy et al, 2014⁹²	North Carolina, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	5	63.0 (12.2)	100.0	NR	DT (100.0) ICM (80.0)	NR	CIED lead removal after LVAD implant and ISHLT- defined LVAD infection	NR
Lushaj et al, 2015⁹³	Wisconsin, USA	HeartMate II, Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case series	128	57.8	84.3	NR	DT (32.6) BTT (67.4) ICM (22.6)	NR	Between 1/2008 and 6/2014	NR
Majure et al, 2015⁹	District of Columbia, USA	HeartMate II, Heart-Ware HVAD	Retrospective, case series	141	54.6 (13.6)	74.0	African American (61.7) Other races not specified	DT (36.1) BTT (63.9) ICM (35.0)	NR	Implantation between 2011 and 2014	Death before discharge
Maltais et al, 2015⁹⁴	Multicenter	Heart-Ware HVAD	Registry study	382	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Secondary analysis of ADVANCE BTT and CAP trial	NR
Matsumoto et al, 2015¹⁰	Osaka, Japan	Evaheart, Heart-Mate II	Retrospective, cohort	39	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 2007 and 2014	NR
McCandless et al, 2015⁹⁵	Utah, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, cohort	57	56 (14.6)	87.7	NR	DT (25.0) BTT (75.0)	302 (302) d	Utah Artificial Heart Program Database, between 2008 and 2012	NR
McMenamy et al, 2015⁹⁶	Sydney, Australia	CF LVAD	Retrospective, cohort	85	NR	NR	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 2010 and 2014	NR
Nishinaka et al, 2015¹⁸	Japan	Evaheart	Registry review	108	42.0 (19)	NR	NR	NR	NR	Advanced heart failure, J-MACS registry	NR
Ono et al, 2015⁹⁷	Japan	HeartMate II	Registry review	104	41.7	76.0	NR	BTT (100)	299.2 d	J-MACS registry between 2013 and 2014	NR
Potapov et al, 2015⁹⁸	Europe	HeartMate II	Retrospective, cohort	479	NR	NR	NR	ICM (46.6) DCM (49.5)	610 (592) d	Implant done at 1 of 3 high-volume European centers between 2006 and 2014	NR
Trachtenberg et al, 2014²²	Texas, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	149	55.4 (13)	76.0	NR	ICM (59.1)	642 (531) d	Implantation between 2008 and 2012	NR
Tsiouris et al, 2015⁹⁹	Connecticut, USA	HeartMate II (136) Heart-Ware HVAD (13)	Retrospective, cohort	149	53.7 (12.1)	74.0	White (59.0) African American (41.0)	BTT (54.3) DT (45.7) ICM (37.0) NICM (63.0)	435.7 (392.2) d	Implantation between 2006 and 2013	NR
Van Meeteren et al, 2015¹²	USA	NR	Registry review	734	57, median	78.6	NR	NR	NR	Hospital in Mechanical Circulatory Support Registry Network, between 2004 and 2014	NR
Wus et al, 2015¹⁰⁰	Pennsylvania, USA	HeartMate II	Retrospective, case series	68	57 (11.4)	80.9	White (60.3) Other races not specified	NR	NR	First implant	No ICU-intermediate care–discharge pathway, implant at outside hospital, OHT during index hospitalization, never left ICU, had pump exchange
Yoshioka et al, 2014¹⁰¹	Osaka, Japan	Jarvik 2000	Retrospective, case series	9	57 (11.0)	77.8	NR	DT (22.8) BTT (77.2)	725 d, median	NR	NR
Yost et al, 2015¹⁹	Illinois, USA	NR	Retrospective, case series	134	58 (13.1)	73.1	NR	NR	NR	Implantation between 2012 and 2014	NR

Abbreviations: ADVANCE, Ventricular Assist Device for the Treatment of Advanced Heart Failure; BTB, bridge to bridge; BTC, bridge to candidacy; BTD, bridge to destination therapy; BTT, bridge to transplant; CAP, continuous-access protocol; CF, continuous flow; CIED, cardiovascular implantable electronic device; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DCM, dilated cardiomyopathy; DSM, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DT, destination therapy; HCM, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; IABP, intraaortic balloon pump; ICM, ischemic cardiomyopathy; ICU, intensive care unit; INTERMACS, Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; ISHLT, International Society for Heart and Lung Transplant; IV, intravenous; J-MACS, Japanese Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support; LVAD, left ventricular assist device; NICM, nonischemic cardiomyopathy; NR, not recorded; OHT, orthotopic heart transplant; PE, pulmonary embolus; PPM, peripartum cardiomyopathy; RV, right ventricular; RVAD, right ventricular assist device; TAH, total artificial heart.

Data presented as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range)