Table 1. General characteristics of non-diabetic and diabetic subjects.

Characteristics		Non-diabetic (n = 380)	Diabetic (n = 35)	p value
Age, yr		43.99 ± 0.84	58.00 ± 2.49	< 0.0001*
Exercise frequency, times/wk		1.63 ± 0.07	1.65 ± 0.21	0.470
Sex, %				0.999
	Male	43.1	3.6
	Female	48.5	4.8
Smoking status, %				0.097
	No	83.8	8.3
	Yes	7.7	0.2
BMI, kg/m2		25.90 ± 0.22	27.67 ± 0.80	< 0.0001*
Arm circumference, mm		309.80 ± 2.11	314.60 ± 7.39	0.259
Mid-arm muscle circumference, mm		237.20 ± 1.95	232.50 ± 5.30	0.244
Calf circumference, cm		37.35 ± 0.18	36.77 ± 0.74	0.185
Handgrip strength, kg		32.99 ± 0.52	27.21 ± 1.49	0.0008*
NHS†		0.459 ± 0.006	0.380 ± 0.017	0.0002*
Casual glycemia, mg/dL		99.95 ± 0.93	167.50 ± 14.30	< 0.0001*

BMI, body mass index; NHS, normalized handgrip strength.

^*Student's t-test; ^†NHS = handgrip strength/body weight.