Table 2. Associations of handgrip strength with type 2 DM and hyperglycemia.

Variables		Crude	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Type 2 DM
	Handgrip strength*	2.04 (0.79–5.25)	2.05 (0.79–5.30)	2.25 (0.83–6.06)	2.13 (0.78–5.78)	2.10 (0.77–5.73)
	NHS†	2.72 (1.32–5.58)§	2.71 (1.32–5.57)§	1.59 (0.74–3.44)	1.88 (0.83–4.01)	1.82 (0.83–4.01)
Altered casual glycemia‡
	Handgrip strength*	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)
	NHS†	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)	1.00 (0.99–1.01)

Data shown are odds ratio (95% confidence interval). Details of each model are follow as: model 1, adjusted by exercise frequency (times/week); model 2, adjusted by age; model 3, adjusted by age and sex; and model 4, adjusted by age, sex, and exercise frequency.

DM, diabetes mellitus; NHS, normalized handgrip strength.

^*Handgrip strength is low (muscle weakness) (normal: ≥ p10 or muscle weakness: < p10); ^†NHS (handgrip strength/body weight, male: < 0.46 or female: < 0.30) is low muscle weakness; ^‡Altered casual glycemia was classified when > 200 mg/dL was found; ^§p < 0.05.