Table 4.

Risk factors associated with carriage by an erythromycin non–susceptible strain

Variable/risk factor	Category	Percentage of resistancea (%)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted ORd (95% CI)	p-value¶
Gender	Boy	43.6%	Ref b	Ref b
	Girl	37.5%	0.77 (0.39, 1.52)	0.74 (0.32, 1.70)	0.48
Age	< 1 year	41.2%	Ref	Ref
	1–2	44.7%	1.16 (0.45, 2.97)	1.39 (0.46, 4.31)	0.56
	> 2 years	35.7%	0.79 (0.34, 1.86)	0.92 (0.28, 3.02)	0.89
Nationality	Both parents Cypriots	41.1%	1.39 (0.61, 3.36)	3.04 (0.94, 10.70)	0.07
	Others	33.3%	Ref	Ref
Breastfeeding	Yes	41.7%	1.43 (0.64, 3.33)	2.27 (0.84, 6.65)	0.12
	No	33.3%	Ref	Ref
Exposure to smoking	Yes	41.5%	1.13 (0.56, 2.26)	1.62 (0.66, 4.00)	0.29
	No	38.6%	Ref	Ref
Attendance at a Day care	Yes	39.1%	0.93 (0.47, 1.88)	1.04 (0.39, 2.80)	0.94
	No	40.7%	Ref	Ref
Siblings	No	48.8%	Ref	Ref
	1	39.7%	0.69 (0.31, 1.53)	0.65 (0.24, 1.76)	0.40
	≥2	30.0%	0.44 (0.18, 1.09)	0.25 (0.07, 0.80) c	0.02 c
Vaccination	Full	29.6%	0.60 (0.22, 1.50)	0.34 (0.10, 1.08)	0.07
	Incomplete	44.0%	1.12 (0.44, 2.78)	0.66 (0.21, 2.05)	0.48
	No	41.3%	Ref	Ref
Origin of specimen	From a public center	42.7%	Ref	Ref
	From a private center	35.0%	0.73 (0.36,1.43)	0.36 (0.13,0.93) c	0.04 c
Antibiotics last month	Yes	54.5%	2.23 (1.01, 5.01) c	3.00 (1.15, 8.17) c	0.02 c
	No	35.9%	Ref	Ref
Antibiotics last trimester	Yes	51.5%	2.66 (1.32, 5.47) c	3.78 (1.56, 9.80) c	< 0.01 c
	No	30.0%	Ref	Ref

^aStrains with intermediate and full resistance to erythromycin are included

^bRef means a reference group

^cStatistically significant associations are marked in bold

^dAdjusted for gender, age, nationality, breastfeeding, exposure to smoking, day care attendance, siblings, vaccination, origin of specimen and antibiotic use the last month

^¶p-values for multiple logistic regression model