Table 4.
Socioeconomic inequalities in self-assessed health and social determinants of health, by country 2002–04
| Malawi | Mauritius | South Africa | Swaziland | Zambia | Zimbabwe | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall health | ||||||
| Poor SAH | −0.0150 (0.0206) | 0.0026 (0.0177) | −0.0573** (0.0234) | − 0.0250 (0.0318) | − 0.0341* (0.0182) | − 0.0357* (0.0211) |
| NCDs risk factors | ||||||
| Smoking | −0.0704*** (0.0155) | − 0.0404*** (0.0155) | − 0.0206 (0.0206) | −0.0008 (0.0265) | − 0.0190 (0.0142) | −0.0168 (0.0170) |
| Heavy episodic drinking | 0.0197*** (0.0043) | −0.0115 (0.0076) | −0.0124 (0.1443) | − 0.0023 (0.0086) | 0.0583*** (0.0121) | 0.01622 (0.0101) |
| Inadequate FV intake | −0.0548** (0.0232) | −0.0554*** (0.0128) | − 0.0723*** (0.0269) | −0.2205*** (0.0303) | − 0.0808*** (0.0189) | −0.0167 (0.0165) |
| Lower level of PA | 0.0020 (0.0156) | −0.0033 (0.0181) | 0.0047 (0.0278) | 0.0313 (0.0332) | −0.0826*** (0.0253) | 0.0457** (0.0192) |
| Environmental determinants of health | ||||||
| Unimproved drinking- water source | −0.1654*** (0.0197) | N/A | −0.0325*** (0.0110) | −0.1649*** (0.0394) | − 0.3053*** (0.0248) | −0.1293*** (0.0153) |
| Unimproved sanitation/toilet facility | −0.1352*** (0.0160) | −0.0016*** (0.0006) | − 0.0589*** (0.0146) | −0.1735*** (0.0279) | − 0.3360*** (0.0172) | −0.2719*** (0.0160) |
| Unclean cooking source (biomass fuel) | −0.0521*** (0.0066) | −0.0252*** (0.0052) | − 0.1039*** (0.0202) | −0.3627*** (0.0357) | − 0.3203*** (0.0173) | −0.4297*** (0.0171) |
Notes: *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01
Erreygers corrected concentration indices (Ec) with standard error in parenthesis
FV fruit and vegetable, PA physical activity, N/A not applicable because 100% of participants had access to an improved drinking water source