Table 1.
Summary of baseline and clinical characteristics of the study patients
| All | No AKI or stage 1 AKI | Stage 2 or 3 AKI | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 149) | (n = 131) | (n = 18) | ||
| Patient characteristics | ||||
| Age | 62.36 ± 13.64 | 62.32 ± 13.62 | 62.72 ± 14.23 | 0.907 |
| Gender (male) | 104 (69.8%) | 95 (72.5%) | 9 (50.0%) | 0.051 |
| BMI | 24.87 ± 3.73 | 24.82 ± 3.48 | 25.26 ± 5.33 | 0.735 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 77 (51.7%) | 69 (52.7%) | 8 (44.4%) | 0.512 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 36 (24.2%) | 32 (24.4%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.838 |
| COPD | 4 (2.7%) | 4 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.452 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 4 (2.7%) | 4 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.452 |
| Congestive heart failure | 14 (9.4%) | 14 (10.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.145 |
| Malignancy | 5 (3.4%) | 4 (3.1%) | 1 (5.6%) | 0.58 |
| Laboratory data at admission | ||||
| Preoperative creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.18 ± 0.33 | 1.17 ± 0.31 | 1.26 ± 0.43 | 0.388 |
| eGFR (MDRD) (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 63.27 ± 20.59 | 63.86 ± 20.29 | 58.97 ± 22.85 | 0.346 |
| eGFR between 30 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 63 (42.3%) | 56 (42.7%) | 7 (38.9%) | 0.756 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.02 ± 2.02 | 13.18 ± 1.96 | 11.83 ± 2.17 | 0.007* |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.15 ± 0.63 | 4.26 ± 0.47 | 3.40 ± 1.03 | 0.003* |
| LVEF < 55% | 35 (23.5%) | 31 (23.7%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.892 |
| LVEF < 35% | 10 (6.7%) | 9 (6.9%) | 1 (5.6%) | 0.834 |
| Perioperative condition | ||||
| Inotropic equivalents | 5.83 ± 6.61 | 4.82 ± 4.45 | 13.10 ± 12.81 | 0.014* |
| Presence of CPB | 93 (62.4%) | 81 (61.8%) | 12 (66.7%) | 0.691 |
| CPB time (min) | 106.57 ± 98.87 | 102.23 ± 97.43 | 143.27 ± 111.96 | 0.200 |
| Presence of cross clamp | 72 (48.3%) | 63 (48.1%) | 9 (50.0%) | 0.879 |
| Clamp time (min) | 57.41 ± 65.11 | 55.66 ± 65.18 | 78.20 ± 63.82 | 0.295 |
| Operative method | ||||
| CABG | 77 (51.7%) | 70 (53.4%) | 7 (38.9%) | 0.247 |
| Valve | 64 (43.0%) | 55 (42.0%) | 9 (50.0%) | 0.519 |
| Aorta | 20 (13.4%) | 16 (12.2%) | 4 (22.2%) | 0.243 |
| Post-surgery | ||||
| SOFA score | 6.14 ± 2.96 | 5.84 ± 2.69 | 8.47 ± 3.92 | 0.015* |
| Respiratory | 0.67 ± 0.75 | 0.66 ± 0.73 | 0.77 ± 1.01 | 0.608 |
| Coagulation | 0.43 ± 0.60 | 0.40 ± 0.57 | 0.69 ± 0.85 | 0.093 |
| Liver | 0.87 ± 0.65 | 0.85 ± 0.64 | 1.00 ± 0.71 | 0.432 |
| Cardiovascular | 0.28 ± 0.55 | 0.24 ± 0.48 | 0.62 ± 0.96 | 0.191 |
| Central nervous system | 3.08 ± 1.20 | 3.08 ± 1.21 | 3.08 ± 1.12 | 0.997 |
| Renal function | 0.72 ± 0.79 | 0.58 ± 0.66 | 2.07 ± 0.64 | < 0.001* |
| Cleveland score | 3.80 ± 1.62 | 3.79 ± 1.56 | 3.89 ± 2.03 | 0.802 |
| Liano’s score | −0.60 ± 0.84 | −0.61 ± 0.84 | −0.47 ± 0.87 | 0.506 |
| Length of admission (days) | 18.69 ± 37.62 | 17.56 ± 38.51 | 30.75 ± 24.41 | 0.247 |
| Length of ICU admission (days) | 3.55 ± 3.30 | 3.43 ± 2.84 | 7.64 ± 5.35 | 0.027* |
| 90-day mortality | 16 (10.7%) | 6 (4.6%) | 10 (55.6%) | < 0.001* |
Values are mean ± SD or number (percentage)
AKI acute kidney injury, BMI body mass index, CABG coronary artery bypass graft, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CPB cardiopulmonary bypass, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ICU intensive care unit, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation, SOFA score Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score
*p < 0.05