Table 4.
Estimated Diabetes and Insulin-related Healthcare Utilization and Expenditures, by PN Reimbursement Status
| Patients with PN Reimbursement (N = 142) |
Patients without PN Reimbursement (N = 258) |
p-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Resource Utilization in Prior Six Months | |||
| Number of Diabetes-related Outpatient Visits During Prior Six Monthsa | |||
| Mean (SD) | 2.65 (2.8) | 2.50 (2.4) | 0.2228 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 1 (0, 6) | 2 (0, 5) | |
| Any Diabetes-related Hospital Stay During Prior Six Months (% yes)a | 13 (9.2) | 45 (17.4) | 0.0234 |
| Daily Insulin Dose (in Units) | |||
| Mean (SD) | 29.18 (13.7) | 34.97 (20.3) | 0.0264 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 29.5 (18.0, 38.0) | 30.0 (20.0, 44.0) | |
| Daily Insulin Dose per kg of Body Weight | |||
| Mean (SD) | 0.45 (0.2) | 0.50 (0.3) | 0.0414 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 0.43 (0.28, 0.58) | 0.46 (0.28, 0.65) | |
| Costs in Previous Six Months (reported in 2015 RMB) | |||
| Diabetes-Related Outpatient Costsb | |||
| Mean (SD) | 1105 (1160.5) | 1040 (1006.9) | 0.5576 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 416 (0, 2497) | 832 (0, 2081) | |
| Diabetes-Related Hospital Costsb | |||
| Mean (SD) | 773 (2717.0) | 1589 (4231.8) | 0.0388 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 0 (0, 0) | 0 (0, 0) | |
| Insulin Costsb | |||
| Mean (SD) | 1328 (624.4) | 1591 (922.9) | 0.0025 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 1342 (819, 1729) | 1365 (910, 2002) | |
| Reported OOP Costs | |||
| Mean (SD) | 1226 (933.3) | 2217 (2079.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 995.5 (679, 1580) | 1761.9 (891, 2937) | |
| Total Diabetes-Related Costs | |||
| Mean (SD) | 4432 (3376.3) | 6433 (5147.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Median (Q1, Q3) | 3850 (2135, 5388) | 5075 (3441, 7576) | |
*Differences in continuous variables were tested using Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests and categorical variables (any diabetes-related hospital stay) using χ2 tests; p-values < 0.05 were considered significant
aValues represent outpatient visits and hospital stays during the past 6 months
bUnit costs: 1) insulin costs 0.25 RMB per unit; 2) outpatient/ER visits are 374.1 RMB per visit; 3) and hospital stays are 6581 RMB per stay
BMI Body mass index, DM Diabetes mellitus, kg Kilogram, OOP Out-of-pocket, PN Pen needle, Q1 Lower 25th percentile, Q3 Upper 25th percentile, SD Standard deviation