Table 1.

Semen analyses lower reference limits defined by the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen in 2010.

Semen characteristic	Lower reference limit
Volume, mL	1.5
Sperm concentration, 106/mL	39
Total sperm number, 106	15
Total motility (PR + NP), %	40
Progressive motility (PR), %	32
Vitality (live spermatozoa), %	58
Sperm morphology (normal forms), %	4
pH	≥7.2
Seminal fructose, μmol/ejaculate	≥13

PR, progressive motility; NP, non-progressive motility.