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. 2018 Apr 20;9:363. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00363

Table 3.

Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics in proton pump inhibitor users (PPI+) vs. non-proton pump inhibitor users (PPI−).

PPI+ PPI− p
Patients, n 28 20
Age, median years (interquartile range) 80.5(73–85) 81.5(75–87.5) 0.40
Females, n 18/28(64%) 15/20(75%) 0.53
Mean QTc, ms 591.9 ± 88.8 601.5 ± 70.1 0.69
FV/CA/EcS 15/28(54%) 10/20(50%) 1
Electrolyte imbalances, n 22/28(79%) 15/19(79%) 1
Hypokaliemia 17/27(63%) 11/18(61%) 1
Hypocalcemia 12/20(60%) 10/17(59%) 1
Hypomagnesemia 6/14(43%) 1/13(8%) 0.07
Potassium, mEq/L (r.v.3.5–5.5) 3.25 ± 0.61 3.41 ± 0.74 0.47
Calcium, mg/dl (r.v.8.0–11.0) 7.71 ± 0.67 7.85 ± 0.65 0.44
Magnesium, mg/dl (r.v.1.5–2.5) 1.60 ± 0.21 1.84 ± 0.33 0.03
Sodium, mEq/L (r.v.132–148) 139.1 ± 10.0 136.1 ± 2.9 0.23
Diuretics use, n 19/28(68%) 10/20(50%) 0.24
Furosemide median daily dose, mg (range) 25(10–100) 72.5(20–500) 0.58
Glucose, mg/dl 171.2 ± 78.8 172.8 ± 80.4 0.96
pH 7.46 ± 0.11 7.50 ± 0.12 0.53
Bicarbonates, mmol/L 25.4 ± 1.8 25.3 ± 2.2 0.97
Concomitant diseases*, n 26/28(93%) 19/20(95%) 1
Cardiac diseases 23/28(82%) 17/20(85%) 1
Extra-cardiac diseases 14/28(50%) 6/20(30%) 0.23
QTc prolonging-medications, n 21/28(75%) 13/20(65%) 0.52
Amiodarone 8/28(29%) 6/20(30%) 1
Mean medication number per patient 1.3 ± 1.1 1.0 ± 0.9 0.17
Anti-Ro/SSA positivity, n 8/18(44%) 10/14(71%) 0.16
Systemic inflammation, n 23/28(82%) 13/20(80%) 1
Mean QTc-prolonging risk factor number per patient
Per patient 5.8 ± 1.6 4.9 ± 1. 0.04
Mean QTc-prolonging risk factor number
Per patient excluding hypomagnesemia 5.6 ± 1.5 4.9 ± 1.4 0.07

Wherever not specified, data are expressed as mean±standard deviation. Appropriate serum potassium, calcium or magnesium measurements available in 45, 37, and 27 out of 48 patients, respectively; anti-Ro/SSA antibodies tested in 32 out of 48 patients.

VF, ventricular fibrillation; CA, cardiac arrest; EcS, electric shock.

*

Diseases recognized to be a risk factor for QTc prolongation (Viskin, 1999; El-Sherif and Turitto, 2003; Drew et al., 2010).

Including electrolyte imbalances, diseases, QTc-prolonging medications, anti-Ro/SSA positivity, and systemic inflammation (Viskin, 1999; El-Sherif and Turitto, 2003; Drew et al., 2010; Yue et al., 2015; Lazzerini et al., 2016, 2017b).

Differences were evaluated by the two-tailed unpaired t-test, or the two-tailed Mann-Whitney test. Difference in categorical variables were evaluated by the two-sided Fisher's exact test.

Statistically significant p values are reported in bold.