Table 3.
PPI+ | PPI− | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Patients, n | 28 | 20 | |
Age, median years (interquartile range) | 80.5(73–85) | 81.5(75–87.5) | 0.40 |
Females, n | 18/28(64%) | 15/20(75%) | 0.53 |
Mean QTc, ms | 591.9 ± 88.8 | 601.5 ± 70.1 | 0.69 |
FV/CA/EcS | 15/28(54%) | 10/20(50%) | 1 |
Electrolyte imbalances, n | 22/28(79%) | 15/19(79%) | 1 |
Hypokaliemia | 17/27(63%) | 11/18(61%) | 1 |
Hypocalcemia | 12/20(60%) | 10/17(59%) | 1 |
Hypomagnesemia | 6/14(43%) | 1/13(8%) | 0.07 |
Potassium, mEq/L (r.v.3.5–5.5) | 3.25 ± 0.61 | 3.41 ± 0.74 | 0.47 |
Calcium, mg/dl (r.v.8.0–11.0) | 7.71 ± 0.67 | 7.85 ± 0.65 | 0.44 |
Magnesium, mg/dl (r.v.1.5–2.5) | 1.60 ± 0.21 | 1.84 ± 0.33 | 0.03 |
Sodium, mEq/L (r.v.132–148) | 139.1 ± 10.0 | 136.1 ± 2.9 | 0.23 |
Diuretics use, n | 19/28(68%) | 10/20(50%) | 0.24 |
Furosemide median daily dose, mg (range) | 25(10–100) | 72.5(20–500) | 0.58 |
Glucose, mg/dl | 171.2 ± 78.8 | 172.8 ± 80.4 | 0.96 |
pH | 7.46 ± 0.11 | 7.50 ± 0.12 | 0.53 |
Bicarbonates, mmol/L | 25.4 ± 1.8 | 25.3 ± 2.2 | 0.97 |
Concomitant diseases*, n | 26/28(93%) | 19/20(95%) | 1 |
Cardiac diseases | 23/28(82%) | 17/20(85%) | 1 |
Extra-cardiac diseases | 14/28(50%) | 6/20(30%) | 0.23 |
QTc prolonging-medications, n | 21/28(75%) | 13/20(65%) | 0.52 |
Amiodarone | 8/28(29%) | 6/20(30%) | 1 |
Mean medication number per patient | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 0.9 | 0.17 |
Anti-Ro/SSA positivity, n | 8/18(44%) | 10/14(71%) | 0.16 |
Systemic inflammation, n | 23/28(82%) | 13/20(80%) | 1 |
Mean QTc-prolonging risk factor number per patient | |||
Per patient† | 5.8 ± 1.6 | 4.9 ± 1. | 0.04 |
Mean QTc-prolonging risk factor number | |||
Per patient† excluding hypomagnesemia | 5.6 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 1.4 | 0.07 |
Wherever not specified, data are expressed as mean±standard deviation. Appropriate serum potassium, calcium or magnesium measurements available in 45, 37, and 27 out of 48 patients, respectively; anti-Ro/SSA antibodies tested in 32 out of 48 patients.
VF, ventricular fibrillation; CA, cardiac arrest; EcS, electric shock.
Diseases recognized to be a risk factor for QTc prolongation (Viskin, 1999; El-Sherif and Turitto, 2003; Drew et al., 2010).
Including electrolyte imbalances, diseases, QTc-prolonging medications, anti-Ro/SSA positivity, and systemic inflammation (Viskin, 1999; El-Sherif and Turitto, 2003; Drew et al., 2010; Yue et al., 2015; Lazzerini et al., 2016, 2017b).
Differences were evaluated by the two-tailed unpaired t-test, or the two-tailed Mann-Whitney test. Difference in categorical variables were evaluated by the two-sided Fisher's exact test.
Statistically significant p values are reported in bold.