TABLE 2—
Results From Multilevel Models Investigating Associations Between Sociodemographic Variables and Children’s Birth Weight in Kenya (2008 and 2014) and Mali (2006 and 2012) by Agricultural Specialization
| Kenya |
Mali |
|||||
| Variables | Cash Croppers, b (95% CI) | Food Croppers, b (95% CI) | Pastoralists, b (95% CI) | Cash Croppers, b (95% CI) | Food Croppers, b (95% CI) | Pastoralists, b (95% CI) |
| Child’s characteristics | ||||||
| Baby female | −95.72 (−131.0, −60.4) | −117.84 (−153.6, −82.1) | −96.95 (−166.0, −27.9) | −206.13 (−303.0, −109.3) | −158.76 (−233.9, −83.6) | −48.75 (−186.9, 89.4) |
| Birth order | 24.19 (7.1, 41.3) | 46.99 (32.0, 62.0) | 33.77 (5.4, 62.1) | 14.96 (−19.3, 49.2) | 5.21 (−22.6, 33.0) | −38.21 (−84.6, 8.2) |
| Mother’s characteristics | ||||||
| Age, y | −7.33 (−12.5, −2.2) | −10.67 (−15.6, −5.8) | −6.99 (−17.6, 3.6) | 1.13 (−11.3, 13.6) | −1.55 (−11.3, 8.2) | 9.78 (−6.1, 25.6) |
| Weight, kg | 3.37 (1.3, 5.4) | 4.65 (2.7, 6.6) | 1.08 (−2.7, 4.8) | 0.41 (−6.2, 7.0) | 3.73 (−0.8, 8.2) | 5.96 (−1.8, 13.7) |
| Height, cm | 9.23 (5.1, 13.3) | 7.46 (4.2, 10.7) | 6.41 (−0.5, 13.4) | 8.94 (−0.4, 18.3) | 3.78 (−3.3, 10.9) | 4.08 (−8.3, 16.5) |
| Married | −6.91 (−71.3, 57.5) | 73.3 (17.6, 129.0) | 1.66 (−137.0, 140.4) | −158.38 (−511.1, 194.4) | 80.13 (−177.7, 337.9) | 236.85 (−346.8, 820.5) |
| Recalled birth weight | −3.87 (−46.7, 38.9) | 27.88 (−11.8, 67.5) | −156.14 (−238.4, −73.9) | −21.98 (−161.9, 118.0) | −0.67 (−106.0, 104.6) | 80.31 (−90.5, 251.1) |
| Employed | −8.46 (−61.5, 44.6) | 51.47 (6.4, 96.5) | 100.59 (−7.4, 208.5) | −41.99 (−157.0, 73.0) | 69.45 (−28.3, 167.2) | −97.28 (−272,1, 77.6) |
| Education (primary) | 31.69 (−71.1, 134.5) | 84.19 (−20.2, 188.6) | −37.98 (−152.3, 76.4) | −79.49 (−240.2, 81.2) | 12.55 (−118.9, 144.0) | −128.79 (−388.5, 130.9) |
| Education (at least secondary) | 4.97 (−105.9, 115.8) | 51.51 (−57.3, 160.3) | −0.33 (−158.3, 157.6) | 51.46 (−142.5, 245.4) | −9.35 (−160.8, 142.1) | −96.09 (−447.1, 254.9) |
| Household’s characteristics | ||||||
| Finished floor | 4.48 (−58.4, 67.3) | −59.16 (−108.3, −10.0) | 112.57 (−13.5, 238.6) | 89.53 (−52.1, 231.2) | 38.84 (−76.4, 154.0) | 2.35 (−203.9, 208.6) |
| Urban residence | −12.46 (−72.3, 47.3) | −34.07 (−86.0, 17.9) | −93.21 (−209.1, 22.7) | −79.39 (−250.1, 91.3) | −94.54 (−230.5, 41.4) | 23.87 (−223.6, 271.4) |
| Model statistics | ||||||
| Random intercept (cluster) | 6 602.951 | 25 712.47 | 15 160.41 | 61 090.25 | 55 374.71 | 115 776.5 |
| BIC | 57 718 | 75 283 | 15 605 | 18 605 | 27 521 | 9 292 |
| Total cases, no. | 3 784 | 4 785 | 1 015 | 1 143 | 1 698 | 575 |
| Mothers, no. | 2 155 | 3 560 | 618 | 879 | 1 255 | 417 |
| DHS clusters, no. | 586 | 1 015 | 203 | 191 | 231 | 83 |
Notes. BIC = Bayesian information criterion; CI = confidence interval; DHS = Demographic Health Survey. Models are stratified by agricultural specialization and represent changes in birth weight in grams. Unless specified, the following unit changes or levels are associated with the explanatory variables: baby female—baby male; birth order—every following birth; married—nonmarried or nonpartnered; birth weight recalled—information about birth weight was obtained from a written card; employed—mother is unemployed; education primary—no education; education (at least secondary)—no education; finished floor—dirt floor; urban residence—rural residence.