Figure 5.

Human‐scale bioprinting. To print constructs of sufficient size for eventual translation into humans, Kang et al. developed an integrated tissue‐organ printer (ITOP) system in which large, tissue‐specific constructs could be printed. a) The ITOP system comprised three major units: i) a three‐axis stage controller, ii) a dispensing module composed of multiple cartridges and a pneumatic pressure controller, and iii) a closed acrylic chamber with a humidifier and temperature regulator. b) Using this bioprinter, 3D scaffold architectures could be printed with both multiple cell types and a PCL polymer to ensure structural rigidity. c) 3D CAD models were generated from medical image data; and using CAD/CAM processing, the printer could be used to create complex 3D structures, including a 3D human‐sized ear. Reproduced with permission.66 Copyright 2016, Nature Publishing Group.