Table 2.

The association between sleep duration categories, FV intakes and their biomarkers of adults from the NDNS years 1–4

SS (<7 hours/day) and LS (>8 hours/day) compared with the reference group (7–8 hours/day)
Models	Model 1 (n=1612)				Model 2 (n=1610)
	SS <7 hours/day		LS >8 hours/day		SS <7 hours/day		LS >8 hours/day
	Mean difference (95% CI)	P values	Mean difference (95% CI)	P values	Mean difference (95% CI)	P values	Mean difference (95% CI)	P values
FV intake
Total fruit* (g/day)	−19 (−31 to –8)	0.001	−24 (−38 to –10)	0.001	−13 (−24 to –2)	0.01	−16 (−30 to –2)	0.01
Total vegetable† (g/day)	−17 (−29 to –5)	0.004	−19 (−34 to –4)	0.009	−10 (−21 to 0.5)	0.06	−11 (−25 to 2)	0.09
FV portions‡	−0.4 (−0.6 to –0.2)	<0.001	−0.5 (−0.8 to –0.1)	0.001	−0.2 (−0.5 to –0.05)	0.01	−0.2 (−0.5 to –0.01)	0.04
5-a-day portions§	−0.4 (−0.7 to –0.2)	<0.001	−0.5 (−0.8 to–0.1)	0.002	−0.2 (−0.5 to –0.06)	0.01	−0.2 (−0.5 to 0.01)	0.06
Total FV¶(g/day)	−37 (−56 to –18)	<0.001	−44 (−67 to –20)	<0.001	−24 (−41 to –6)	0.006	−28 (−50 to –6)	0.01
Nutrients (mg/dL)
Vitamin C diet only	−9 (−16 to –2)	0.01	−10 (−19 to –1)	0.02	−5 (−12 to 1)	0.1	−4 (−12 to 4)	0.3
Vitamin C **	−13 (−27 to 0.8)	0.06	−21 (−39 to –3)	0.01	−7 (−21 to 6)	0.2	−12 (−30 to 5)	0.1
Biomarkers (µmol/L)
Vitamin C	−4 (−8 to –1)	0.006	3 (−1 to 7)	0.1	−2 (−6 to 0.3)	0.07	4 (0.1 to 8)	0.04
Total carot††	−0.2 (−0.4 to –0.1)	0.002	−0.1(−0.3 to 0.1)	0.3	−0.2 (−0.4 to –0.08)	0.004	−0.06 (−0.2 to 0.1)	0.5
α-carotene	−0.01 (−0.02 to 0.003)	0.1	−0.009 (−0.02 to 0.007)	0.2	−0.006 (−0.01 to 0.007)	0.3	−0.004 (−0.02 to 0.01)	0.6
β-carotene	−0.07 (−0.1 to −0.02)	0.003	−0.01 (−0.07 to 0.05)	0.7	−0.05 (−0.1 to −0.009)	0.01	0.009 (−0.05 to 0.07)	0.7
Lycopene	−0.1 (−0.1 to –0.04)	0.001	−0.06 (−0.1 to 0.01)	0.09	−0.08 (−0.1 to –0.02)	0.005	−0.05 (−0.1 to 0.02)	0.1

Model 1 adjusted for age and sex.

Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, smoking, ethnicity and food energy.

*Total fruit (not including juice)=fruit (g)+dried fruit (g)+smoothie fruit (g).

†Total vegetables=beans (g)+Brassicaceae (g)+other vegetables (g)+tomatoes (g)+tomato puree (g)+yellow red green (g).

‡FV portions=(Fruit (g)+dried fruitx3_mean+tompureex5 mean+beans max mean+Brassicaceae (g)+yellow red green (g)+other vegetables (g)+tomatoes (g))/80.

§5-a-day portions(portions/day)=FV portions+fruit juice portions+smoothie fruit portions.

¶Total FV (not including juice)=total fruit+total vegetables.

**Vitamin C including supplements.

††Total carotenoids=Lutein+ alpha-cryptoxanthin+beta-cryptoxanthin+lycopene+alpha-carotene+beta-carotene.

FV, fruits and vegetables; LS, long sleepers; NDNS, National Diet and Nutrition Survey; SS, short sleepers.