Table 3.

Hypertensive pregnancy complications in WWE with specified AEDs

n=223 440	Women without epilepsy	WWE with lamotrigine			WWE with carbamazepine			WWE with levetiracetam			WWE with valproate
	n=221 662	n=280			n=94			n=71			n=51
	N (%)	N (%)	aOR (95% CI)	P values	N (%)	aOR (95% CI)	P values	N (%)	aOR (95% CI)	P values	N (%)	aOR (95% CI)	P values
Any hypertensive disorder	16 542 (7.5)	25 (8.9)	1.20 (0.76 to 1.88)	0.434	7 (7.4)	0.97 (0.42 to 2.25)	0.946	7 (9.9)	1.32 (0.57 to 3.05)	0.523	9 (17.6)	2.93 (1.35 to 6.38)*
Gestational hypertension	5381 (2.4)	7 (2.5)	1.07 (0.48 to 2.42)	0.865	1 (1.1)	0.48 (0.07 to 3.44)	0.462	2 (2.8)	1.32 (0.32 to 5.41)	0.698	3 (5.9)	3.31(1.02 to 10.77)†	0.047
Mild pre-eclampsia	6445 (2.9)	11 (3.8)	1.41 (0.75 to 2.66)	0.291	2 (2.1)	0.85 (0.21 to 3.49)	0.824	3 (4.2)	1.66 (0.52 to 5.30)	0.39	5 (9.8)	3.32 (1.18 to 9.35)*	0.023
Severe pre-eclampsia	4330 (1.9)	6 (2.1)	1.21 (0.50 to 2.53)	0.783	4 (4.3)	2.23 (0.81 to 6.12)	0.120	3 (4.2)	2.36 (0.74 to 7.50)	0.146	1 (2.0)	1.01 (0.14 to 7.37)	0.991
Early onset pre-eclampsia	1299 (0.6)	3 (1.1)	1.45 (0.36 to 5.87)	0.602	2 (2.1)	4.04 (0.98 to 16.76)	0.054	2 (2.8)	6.00 (1.47 to 24.59)*	0.013	–	–	–
HELLP	518 (0.2)	–	–	–	2 (2.1)	5.02(0.69 to 36.36)	0.11	–	–	–	1 (2.0)	8.54 (1.18 to 61.92)	0.113
Eclampsia	191 (0.1)	–	–	–	1 (1.1)	12.47 (1.73 to 89.91)	0.078	–	–	–	–	–	–

Adjusted OR for maternal age, educational level, multifetal pregnancy, pre-existing diseases, folic acid supplementation.

*Not significant in sensitivity analyses when including BMI >30 kg/m².

†Not significant in sensitivity analyses when including smoking or BMI >30 kg/m².

AED, antiepileptic drug; aOR, adjusted OR; BMI, body mass index; HELLP, haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets; WWE, women with epilepsy.