Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) according to the presence of periodontitis
| Variables | Periodontitis group (n=47) |
Non-periodontitis group (n=180) |
P values |
| Age (years) | 71.1±8.7 | 56.7±9.4 | <0.001 |
| Gender (male, %) | 27 (61.4) | 129 (72.5) | 0.197 |
| PeAF (%) | 11 (25.0) | 59 (32.3) | 0.043 |
| DM (%) | 12 (27.3) | 26 (14.5) | 0.071 |
| HTN (%) | 28 (65.1) | 98 (54.7) | 0.235 |
| CHF (%) | 5 (10.6) | 19 (10.6) | 1.000 |
| CVA (%) | 3 (1.7) | 3 (6.8) | 0.093 |
| CHADS2 | 1.3±0.5. | 1.4±0.4 | 0.789 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc | 1.8±1.5 | 1.8±0.7 | 0.845 |
| HAS-BLED score | 2.9±1.6 | 1.5±0.5 | <0.001 |
| COPD (%) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 0.197 |
| Alcohol (%) | 6 (14.0) | 48 (26.8) | 0.112 |
| Smoking (%) | 5 (11.6) | 30 (16.8) | 0.491 |
| Medication | |||
| Antiarrhythmics (%) | |||
| Amiodarone (%) | 2 (4.0) | 6 (3.5) | 1.000 |
| Propafenone (%) | 6 (12.7) | 25 (14.0) | 0.450 |
| Flecainide (%) | 7 (1.5) | 27 (1.5) | 1.000 |
| Digoxin (%) | 2 (4.3) | 11 (6.1) | 1.000 |
| Beta-blocker (%) | 11 (23.2) | 43 (24.0) | 0.419 |
| CCB (%) | 13 (28.8) | 44 (24.5) | 0.365 |
| ARB and ACEi (%) | 12 (25.5) | 42 (23.5) | 0.407 |
| Statins (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Aspirin (%) | 4 (8.5) | 64 (35.6) | <0.001 |
| VKA | 12 (25.5) | 101 (56.1) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| WBC (103/μL) | 8.7 ± 3.5 | 6.6 ± 2.8 | < 0.001 |
| NLR | 7.8 ± 6.5 | 2.8 ± 2.2 | 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.1 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 0.7 | 0.113 |
| hsCRP (mg/dL) | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.048 |
| Echo parameters | |||
| LVEF (%) | 62.0 ± 9.7 | 63.8 ± 8.3 | 0.203 |
| LVIDs (mm) | 30.6 ± 5.9 | 32.0 ± 5.6 | 0.151 |
| LVIDd (mm) | 45.6 ± 9.7 | 46.3 ± 5.9 | 0.245 |
| IVSD (mm) | 11.7 ± 2.8 | 11.2 ± 1.8 | 0.127 |
| LVPWD (mm) | 10.4 ± 2.3 | 10.2 ± 1.5 | 0.441 |
| LAVi (mL/m2) | 44.2 ± 8.8 | 36.0 ± 13.1 | < 0.001 |
| E velocity (cm/s) | 0.9 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.004 |
| A velocity (cm/s) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | < 0.001 |
| E/A | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 0.016 |
| E’ | 0.05 ± 0.2 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.001 |
| A′ | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.1 ± 0.02 | 0.090 |
| E/E′ | 13.8 ± 6.7 | 9.8 ± 4.8 | < 0.001 |
Values are mean±SD (range).
A, peak velocity of the late filling wave due to atrial contraction; A’, late diastolic mitral annulus velocity; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRF, chronic renal failure; CVA, cerebrovascular accident; DM, diabetes mellitus; E, the peak mitral flow velocity of the early rapid filling wave; E’, early diastolic mitral annulus velocity; HTN, hypertension; hsCRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; IVSd, interventricular septal diameter; LAVi, left atrial volume index; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVIDs, left ventricular systolic diameter; LVIDd, left ventricular diastolic diameter; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PeAF, persistent atrial fibrillation; VKA, vitamin K antagonist; WBC, white blood cell count.