Table 2.

Potential protein markers in seminal plasma under altered pathophysiology

Condition	Identified protein markers	Reference
Poor semen parameters/azoospermia	PGDS	[31, 32]
Obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermia	TEX101, ECM1	[33]
Azoospermia vs normo-, astheno- and oligozoospermia	Fibronectin, PAP, PIP, B2M, PSMA3, LGALS3BP, CNDP2	[13]
Infertility	Semenogelin I/II, olfactory receptor 5R1, Lactoferin, hCAP18, Spindling 1, Clusterin	[3]
Abnormal semen parameters, ROS and asthenozoospermia	DJ-1	[27, 29]
ROS and prostate cancer	LGALS3BP	[37]
Different levels of ROS and infertility	MME, FAM3D	[24]
Fertile vs infertile	TKTL1, LDHC, PGK2	[23]

Seminal plasma proteins as potential biomarkers in several infertile conditions. These biomarkers can be targeted for seminal analysis in clinical research for male fertility evaluation

Abbreviations: B2M beta-2-microglobulin, CNDP2 cytosolic nonspecific dipeptidase, ECM1 extracellular matrix protein 1, FAM3D family with sequence similarity 3 member D, hCAP18 human cationic antimicrobial protein, LDHC lactate dehydrogenase C, LGALS3BP galectin 3 binding protein, MME membrane metalloendopeptidase, PAP prostatic acid phosphatase, PGK2 phosphoglycerate kinase 2, PIP prolactin-inducible protein, PSMA3 proteasome subunit alpha type-3, PGDS prostaglandin-D synthase, ROS reactive oxygen species, TEX101 testis-expressed protein 101, TKTL1 transketolase-like protein 1