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. 2018 Apr 3;10(4):104. doi: 10.3390/cancers10040104

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Common upregulated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patient blood plasma or serum compared to healthy controls. Elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are shared among the major myeloid malignancies. Cytokines in bold have been linked to prognostic survival in at least one hematopoietic malignancy. *Prognostic survival is correlated with transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα) only when IL-6 is also elevated. AML, acute myeloid leukemia; CML, chronic myeloid leukemia; MDS, myelodysplastic syndrome; MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasm. Referenced in [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. EGF: epidermal growth factor; CXCL: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; IL-1RA: interleukin 1 receptor antagonist; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; IFNα: interferon alpha; CCL: chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule.