Table 1.

Literary studies proposing trained dogs for urine analysis for early prostate cancer (PCa) detection.

Reference	Authors	Population Involved Controls/Sick		Trained Dogs	Samples Collection and Treatments	Training Method	Results
[16]	Gordon et al. (2008)	186	57 PCa	4	Storage temperature: −20 °C; Sample preparation: thawed, placed in a screw-top vial; Sample somministration: screw-top vials were put into mason jars	Training site: trainer’s home Trainer: Owner Duration: 12–14 months Frequency: 2–7 d/w	Specificity: 1: 36%; 2: 36%; 3: 63%; 4: 81% Sensitivity: 1: <10%; 2: <20%; 3: 20%; 4: 25%
[17]	Cornu et al. (2010)	training phase: 16; double blind phase: 33	training phase: 26; double blind phase: 33	1	Storage temperature: −4 °C; Sample preparation: slowly heating to 37 °C; Sample somministration: samples placed in perforated boxes	Trainer: Professional Duration: 16 months Frequency: 5 d/w	Specificity: 91%; Sensitivity: 91%
[18]	Elliker et al. (2014)	67	50 PCa	2	Storage temperature: −20 °C; Sample preparation: defrosting in a 37 °C water bath; Sample somministration: samples were put in open top propylene test tubes	Stage 1: dogs had to find and indicate PCa urine samples; Stage 2: dogs had to discriminate PCa samples from controls; No information about duration and frequency of training	Specificity: 1: 71%; 2: 75%; Sensitivity: 1: 13%; 2: 25%
[19]	Taverna et al. (2015)	540	362 PCa	2	Storage temperature: −20 °C; Sample preparation: defrosting to 37 °C; Sample somministration: samples were put into circular perforated metal containers placed in thermally sealed plastic containers	Training Site: central Trainer: professional No information about duration and frequency of training	Specificity: 1: 98.7%; 2: 97.6%; Sensitivity: 1: 100%; 2: 98.6%