Table 2.
Literary studies proposing electronic nose (EN) adoption for PCa diagnosis through urine analysis.
| Reference | Authors | Participants Controls/Sick | Samples Collection and Treatments | Instrument (Sensor Type) | Statistical Methods | Results | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [20] | Bernabei et al. (2007) | 29 BPH; 33 other urological pathologies; 18 controls |
25 BC 12 PCa |
Urine collection: in the morning before any food intake; Storage temperature: no info; Headspace creation: urine was put at 25 °C for the necessary time to obtain a steady headspace, then 10 mL of headspace were injected into a 2 L sterile bag pre-filled with N2; EN analysis: no info |
ENQBE (Conducting polymers) | PLS-DA; PCA; LOOCV | qualitative plot; discrimination between PCa and BC samples and controls 100%; differentiation between different classes, not complete discrimination |
| [21] | D’Amico et al. (2012) | 15 | 6 PCa |
Urine collection: before PBs; Storage temperature: no info; Headspace creation: a dynamic headspace was obtained putting urine in sterile urine boxes with a dedicated top; EN analysis: no info |
EN: University of Rome “Tor Vergata” (Conducting polymers) | PLS-DA | qualitative plot |
| [22] | Asimakopoulos et al. (2014) | 27 | 14 PCa |
Urine collection: before PBs; Storage temperature: no info; Headspace creation: a dynamic headspace was obtained putting urine in sterile urine boxes with a dedicated top; EN analysis: no info |
EN: University of Rome “Tor Vergata” (Conducting polymers) | PLS-DA; LOOCV | Sensitivity: 71.4%, specificity: 92.6% |
| [23] | Santonico et al. (2014) | 27 | 14 PCa |
Urine collection: before PBs; Storage temperature: no info; Headspace creation: a dynamic headspace was obtained putting urine in sterile urine boxes with a dedicated top; EN analysis: 200 s for the measurement phase, 600 s for the cleaning phase |
EN: University of Rome “Tor Vergata” (Conducting polymers) | PLS-DA; LOOCV | qualitative plot |
| [24] | Roine et al. (2014) | 24 (15 BPH and 9 post radical prostatectomy) | 50 PCa |
Urine collection: in the morning; Storage temperature: −70 °C; Headspace creation: urine was defrosted and pipetted to a plate heated and maintained at 37 °C; EN analysis: 15 min for the measurement phase, 10 min for recovery |
EN: ChemPRO 100-eNose (Electrode strips and MOS sensors) | LOOCV; LDA | LOOCV: sensitivity 78%, specificity 67%, accuracy 77% LDA: sensitivity 82%, specificity 88% |