Table 1.

Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of gemcitabine.

Virus	Group	Family	Inhibition of	Cell Line/Animal Model	Antiviral Activity (EC50 or IC50)	Cell Toxicity (CC50)	Ref.
MERS-CoV	(+)ssRNA	Coronaviridae	Viral replication	Vero E6 cells	1.2 μM	>10 μM	[13]
SARS-CoV	(+)ssRNA	Coronaviridae	Viral replication	Vero E6 cells	4.9 μM	>10 μM	[13]
ZIKA	(+)ssRNA	Flaviviridae	Viral RNA and protein synthesis virus-mediated cell death	RPE cells	0.01 μM	>10 μM	[14]
HCV	(+)ssRNA	Flaviviridae	Viral replication	Huh-7 cells	12 nM	>44 μM	[19]
Poliovirus	(+)ssRNA	Picornaviridae	Viral replication RNA polymerase	HeLa cells	0.3 μM	>100 μM	[15]
Influenza A virus (IAV)	(−)ssRNA	Orthomyxoviridae	Viral RNA transcription and replication virus entry	RPE cells	0.068 μM	>10 μM	[16]
HIV	ssRNA-RT	Retroviridae	Viral replication	U373-MAGI-CXCR4CEM cells	16.3 nM		[17]
MuLV	ssRNA-RT	Retroviridae	Viral replication	U373-MAGI-CXCR4CEM ls/Murine AIDS mouse model	1.6 nM		[17]
CVB3	(+)ssRNA	Picornaviridae	Viral proliferation Viral replication Early step of virus infection	Vero cells HeLa cells	0.4 μM 2 μM	>50 μM >50 μM	[18]
EV71	(+)ssRNA	Picornaviridae	Viral proliferation Viral replication	Vero cells	1 μM	>50 μM	[18]
HRV	(+)ssRNA	Picornaviridae	Viral RNA synthesis	HeLa cells/Mouse	1–5 μM	>50 μM	[18,22]
Sindbis virus (SINV)	(+)ssRNA	Togaviridae	Virus production	Vero cells	>2 logs (at 3 μM)		[16]
HSV-1	dsDNA	Herpesviridae	Virus production	RPE cells	>4 logs (at 3 μM)		[16]

RPE cells: retinal pigment epithelium cells; U373-MAGI-CXCR4CEM cells: cells expressing the CD4 receptor and the CXCR4 coreceptor.