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. 2018 Apr 21;8(4):261. doi: 10.3390/nano8040261

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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(a) The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots of the pristine Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ and various Bi₄Ti₃O_12−x samples after the buildup on the ITO electrodes with visible-light (λ > 400 nm) irradiation; (b) Photocurrents of the pristine Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ and various Bi₄Ti₃O_12−x samples after the buildup on the ITO electrodes under visible-light irradiation (λ > 400 nm); (c) valence band XPS spectra of the pristine Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ and Bi₄Ti₃O_12−x (350 °C, 60 min); (d) the probable band energy diagram of the pristine Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ and Bi₄Ti₃O_12−x (350 °C, 60 min).