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. 2018 Apr 21;8(4):261. doi: 10.3390/nano8040261

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© 2018 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic diagram illustrating the mechanism of the charge separation and photocatalytic reaction for the Bi₄Ti₃O_12−x photocatalyst under visible-light irradiation. VB: valence band; CBM: conduction band minimum; and VBM: valence band maximum.