Table 2.
Regression estimates of having depression by gender and age.
| Model: Subpopulation | Model 2: Male |
Model 3: Female |
Model 4: Middle-Aged |
Model 5: Elderly |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | OR | t | 95% CI | OR | t | 95% CI | OR | t | 95% CI | OR | t | 95% CI |
| 1. Demographics | ||||||||||||
| Male | - | - | 0.93 | -0.30 | (0.58, 1.50) | 0.66 * | −2.46 | (0.47, 0.92) | ||||
| Age | 1.00 | −0.36 | (0.98, 1.02) | 1.03 * | 2.21 | (1.00, 1.05) | - | - | ||||
| Education level: | ||||||||||||
| Primary school or less | - | - | - | - | ||||||||
| Junior High school | 0.89 | −0.42 | (0.52, 1.52) | 0.61 | −1.77 | (0.35, 1.06) | 0.68 | −1.16 | (0.36, 1.30) | 0.78 | −1.01 | (0.49, 1.26) |
| Senior High school | 1.04 | 0.18 | (0.66, 1.65) | 1.00 | <0.01 | (0.60, 1.66) | 1.18 | 0.64 | (0.71, 1.99) | 0.81 | −0.90 | (0.52, 1.28) |
| College | 1.42 | 0.96 | (0.70, 2.88) | 1.00 | <0.01 | (0.35, 2.88) | 0.97 | −0.07 | (0.40, 2.31) | 1.52 | 1.03 | (0.69, 3.34) |
| Income satisfaction | 0.50 *** | −7.55 | (0.42, 0.60) | 0.49 *** | −7.61 | (0.41, 0.92) | 0.44 *** | −7.80 | (0.36, 0.70) | 0.55 *** | −6.93 | (0.47, 0.65) |
| Partner | 0.46 *** | −3.63 | (0.30, 0.70) | 0.65 * | −2.46 | (0.46, 2.88) | 0.44 ** | −3.48 | (0.28, 2.88) | 0.62 ** | −3.05 | (0.45, 0.84) |
| 2. Substance use | ||||||||||||
| Cigarettes | 0.84 | −0.85 | (0.55, 1.26) | 0.56 | −1.02 | (0.18, 1.71) | 0.84 | −0.58 | (0.47, 1.51) | 0.67 | −1.44 | (0.39, 1.16) |
| Alcohol | 0.57 ** | −3.05 | (0.39, 0.82) | 0.88 | −0.48 | (0.53, 1.47) | 0.65 | −1.66 | (0.39, 1.08) | 0.66 * | −2.10 | (0.45, 0.97) |
| 3. Health status | ||||||||||||
| Chronic diseases: | ||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 1.69 ** | 2.64 | (1.14, 2.48) | 1.55 * | 2.45 | (1.09, 2.19) | 1.91 ** | 2.94 | (1.24, 2.95) | 1.43 * | 2.24 | (1.05, 1.96) |
| Diabetes | 1.30 | 1.23 | (0.86, 1.97) | 1.72 ** | 2.69 | (1.16, 2.55) | 1.56 | 1.73 | (0.94, 2.57) | 1.44 * | 2.09 | (1.02, 2.03) |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1.47 | 1.86 | (0.98, 2.21) | 1.91 ** | 3.14 | (1.27, 2.86) | 2.23 ** | 2.98 | (1.31, 3.78) | 1.50 * | 2.42 | (1.08, 2.09) |
| BMI | 0.92 ** | −2.81 | (0.88, 0.98) | 0.94 ** | −2.75 | (0.89, 0.98) | 0.92 * | −2.48 | (0.86, 0.98) | 0.94 ** | −3.06 | (0.90, 0.98) |
| 4. Health behavior | ||||||||||||
| Leisure activity diversity | 0.78 *** | −5.04 | (0.70, 0.86) | 0.85 ** | −3.14 | (0.76, 0.94) | 0.78 *** | −4.09 | (0.70, 0.88) | 0.84 *** | −3.79 | (0.77, 0.92) |
| Total exercise time | 1.00 | −1.15 | (1.00, 1.00) | 0.99 ** | −3.16 | (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 | −1.81 | (1.00, 1.00) | 0.99 ** | −2.87 | (1.00, 1.00) |
| N = 1433 | N = 1178 | N = 1166 | N = 1445 | |||||||||
* p <0.05; ** p <0.01; *** p <0.001. Data source: 2011 Survey of Health and Living Status of the Middle-Aged and Elderly in Taiwan [19]. OR: Odds ratio; CI: Confidence interval.